Lithium-ion batteries have been a crucial and indispensable energy storage system in the energy technology. Developing Li-ion batteries with high energy density，extended cycle life，and cost-effectiveness is a central challenge. Silicon material，distinguished by its impressive theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh·g^-1 and low price，has emerged as a promising candidate for negative electrode material. However，its substantial volume expansion，reaching up to 300% during charging and discharging cycles，poses a formidable commercial hurdle. To date，three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials have undergone iterative development. This review focuses on three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials fabricated via the CVD method. The material structure design，experimental methodologies，reaction mechanisms，and material properties are analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of these three generations of preparation techniques are summarized，and insights into the future direction of silicon-carbon negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries are provided.

With the rapid development of modern technology，there is an increasing demand for energy storage systems that can operate stably in extreme environments，especially in cutting-edge fields such as unmanned aerial vehicles，electric vehicles，and deep-sea exploration. Lithium-ion batteries，due to their high energy density，long life，and lack of memory effect，have become an ideal choice to meet the energy needs in these extreme environments. However，harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures，impacts，and pressures pose serious challenges to the performance and safety of batteries. This article reviews the failure behaviors and mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries in various extreme environments in recent years，focusing on the changes in the internal material structure of the batteries，lithium ion transport，and electrochemical reactions to explore the internal material failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under various extreme conditions. Finally，the article summarizes the main measures to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries in extreme environments. It is hoped that these studies can guide the design of more durable and efficient lithium-ion batteries in the future，promoting the development of lithium-ion batteries in a wider range of fields.

With the increasing demand for energy storage， higher requirements have been put forward for the cycle life， capacity， working stability， and rate performances in batteries. Lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） are favoured for their excellent electrochemical performance and broad development prospects and have been widely applied in mobile devices， electric vehicles， and other fields. However， the bottleneck factors such as life decay and high cost have hindered the further promotion and application of LIBs. This article reviews the main factors affecting the cycle life decay of LIBs， including damage and gas production of positive electrode materials， as well as the consumption of active lithium caused by the repair of negative electrode solid electrolyte interface （SEI） membrane and the formation of lithium dendrites. Effective ways for scientific researchers to improve the life properties of LIBs in recent years， including the structural design of negative electrode materials and the control of SEI film stability， as well as ion doping and surface coating of positive electrode materials， are also summarized. Finally， the future development trends in this field from three aspects， such as multi-element doping， uniform coating new technology， and stable SEI film control are proposed based on the bottleneck issues in the development of lithium-ion batteries.

Different crystal forms of manganese dioxide （MnO₂） are synthesized using KMnO₄， MnSO₄·H₂O， （NH4）₂S₂O₈， and hydrochloric acid as raw materials by precisely controlling the temperature and duration of a hydrothermal reaction. The structure and morphology of the materials are characterized using XRD， SEM， and TEM. The results show that the synthesized MnO₂ nanoparticles display different microscopic morphologies depending on their crystal forms. A comparison of their electrochemical performances indicates that δ-MnO₂， due to its unique flower-like structure， provides many reaction sites， leading to superior performance compared to other crystal forms of manganese dioxide. At a current density of 2 A/g， δ-MnO₂ achieves a capacity of 623.48 mAh/g after 1400 cycles. The kinetic properties of the MnO₂ electrode are investigated using cyclic voltammetry， electrochemical impedance spectroscopy， and constant current intermittent titration techniques. It reveals that δ-MnO₂ exhibits a higher Li⁺ diffusion rate.

Lithium-ion batteries quickly occupy the absolute leading position in the secondary battery market because of their high energy density and long cycling life. However，battery thermal runaway frequently causes fire accidents，so battery safety research is of great importance and urgency. Separator as one of the key components of the lithium-ion battery plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the battery. The development of high temperature resistant separators with excellent properties，such as high mechanical strength，low thermal shrinkage，and good self-extinguishing，can significantly enhance the safety of batteries at high temperatures. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in the development of high-temperature resistant separators for lithium-ion batteries，including the modification of commercial polyolefin separators and the structural and performance studies of three common high-temperature resistant separators （polyacrylonitrile，polyvinylidene fluoride，and aramid fiber）. The characteristics parameters of separators，such as thickness，porosity，ionic conductivity，and thermal shrinkage，are summarized. Finally，the future development direction and opportunities of high-temperature resistant separators are prospected.

With the development of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， the energy density of traditional lithium-ion batteries is approaching their theoretical limit. The research on lithium metal batteries with high energy density has been re-focused. However， the high reactivity of lithium increases safety risks and reduces energy density when excess lithium is used. Anode-free lithium metal batteries （AF-LMBs） have emerged as a solution. AF-LMBs possess high energy density and the lowest redox potential. But they have poor cycle life， limited active materials， and complex interfacial reactions. Improving the cycle stability of AF-LMBs is key to realizing the application of high-energy-density storage systems.This paper reviews the development of AF-LMBs and analyzes in depth the current challenges they face from four aspects： lithium dendrites， electrolyte stability， solid electrolyte interface （SEI）， and current collectors. These factors together affect the cycle stability， safety， and energy density of AF-LMBs. Finally， it is pointed out that the future research directions should focus on optimizing electrolyte formulations， designing artificial SEI layers， and improving current collector materials and structures. Meanwhile， paying attention to the volumetric energy density of batteries to meet the demand for compact and efficient energy storage systems in practical applications， thereby promoting the commercialization of AF-LMBs.

In recent years， with the proposed goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”， the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles has led to a soaring demand for lithium ion batteries （LIBs）. However， the widespread use of LIBs inevitably results in a sharp increase in the number of retired batteries， making the efficient recycling and reuse of these waste batteries an urgent issue. LIBs are categorized into four main types： ternary lithium ion batteries， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries， lithium cobalt oxide lithium ion batteries， and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion batteries. Among them， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries stand out for their extensive applications and high recycling potential. Currently， the recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries primarily focuses on the recovery of valuable elements from cathode materials， high-value reuse of materials， and the recycling and functional development of anode materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the recycling and reuse of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials， highlighting processes such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery， the regeneration of cathode materials and their innovative applications in catalysts， as well as the reprocessing of waste anode graphite and the preparation of graphite-based functional materials. Finally， combined with the current technical level， the recycling and utilization of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials are summarized， and it is pointed out that the future direction of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials recycling should highlight the trend of optimization classification and recycling strategy， innovative recycling technology， comprehensive recycling， in-depth research on recycling mechanism， and optimization of electrode material design. At the same time， the challenges of future recycling technology are complex battery composition， irregular battery shape， electrolyte processing problems， and low recovery rate.

In recent years，sodium-ion batteries have become a research hotspot in the world and are gradually moving toward industrialization. However，they still have shortcomings，including phase transition，structural degradation，and voltage plateau. Therefore，the development of positive electrode materials with better performance plays a crucial role in the capacity and energy density of sodium-ion batteries. This paper meticulously introduces three primary categories of positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries： transition metal oxides，polyanions，and Prussian blue. It elucidates the unique advantages of each material in diverse applications，acknowledges their inherent limitations，and presents a range of improvement strategies to address the challenges of low capacity and energy density. Additionally，by examining the investment trends and industrial layouts of sodium-ion battery positive electrode materials，this study analyzes the industrialization pathways and current development statuses of these three systems，summarizing the latest research advancements. Therefore，it is anticipated that with the ongoing maturation of theoretical foundations and industrial advancements，sodium-ion batteries will rapidly develop，and gradually integrate into daily life.

Prussian blue analogous compounds （PBAs） have emerged as promising candidates for cathode materials in next-generation sodium-ion batteries （SIBs）， attributed to their inherent thermodynamic stability， expansive ion intercalation/deintercalation pathways， abundant electrochemically active sites， as well as their adjustable chemical compositions and elemental ratios. However， the electrochemical performance of these materials is frequently compromised by crystal defects and high levels of crystalline and interstitial water content. This review delves into the structure of PBAs， categorizing them from both single-electron and two-electron perspectives. It examines the prevalent challenges faced by PBAs， systematically reviewing existing typical modification strategies across six dimensions： crystallinity control， defect mitigation， morphology modulation， ion doping/substitution， component optimization， and carbon coating/compositing. Furthermore， it offers insights into the current status of PBAs in transitioning from laboratory research to industrial applications. Looking ahead， this paper anticipates the development of PBAs in the realm of SIBs， expecting them to advance from the laboratory stage to industrialized applications through advancements in materials engineering and surface science.

Lithium-based batteries （LBBs） are widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， serving as a pivotal component in both current and emerging energy storage technologies. Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as the ideal choice for the next generation of high-energy density batteries due to their high energy density （2600 Wh·kg^-1）. Due to the unique long chain structure and high adhesion force of polymer materials， it shows excellent performance advantages in the application of lithium-sulfur battery binder. This paper reviews the latest research progress and application prospect of polymer materials in improving the safety and stability of lithium batteries. The application of polymer materials in modified separators， solid state electrolytes， binders and flame retardants for LBBs is mainly discussed. In addition， the inhibition ability and mechanism of polymer artificial solid state electrolyte interface film and solid state electrolyte on dendrite growth are introduced， and the flame retardant property of polymer and its mechanism as solid state electrolyte are pointed out. Finally， based on the excellent plasticity and chemical controllability of polymers， the potential of high ionic conductivity and interface stability achieved by molecular design in LBBs energy storage is prospected.

Infrared radiation at the hot-section of the aero engine is easily detected by infrared detectors， which is not conducive to aircraft service in a complex monitoring environment. How to reduce the infrared radiation characteristics of high-temperature parts of aero engine and improve the high-temperature infrared stealth performance of the aero engine is a difficult problem that needs to be solved. This paper discusses the infrared stealth mechanisms and research status of metal-based， inorganic non-metallic， and structural infrared stealth materials with potential applications in high-temperature environments. It also highlights the future development trends for high-temperature infrared stealth materials， including the need for further investigation into the failure mechanisms of these materials， the integration of temperature control methods to meet higher-temperature stealth requirements， and the necessity to develop comprehensive stealth performance to ensure the capability of aircraft to remain stealthy in complex environments.

Continuous silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide （SiC_f/SiC） ceramic matrix composites are considered as the most promising advanced materials in the fields of hot end components of aviation turbine engines and thermal protection structures of novel aerospace aircraft due to their excellent comprehensive properties， such as light weight， high strength and toughness， high temperature resistance， and oxidation resistance. In this paper， the preparation technology of the four elementary components of SiC_f/SiC composites， such as SiC fiber， interphase， SiC matrix，and environmental barrier coating （EBC）， has been systematically reviewed， and the bottleneck problems of SiC_f/SiC composites in the future development have been proposed. The current third-generation SiC fibers possess a near stoichiometric C/Si ratio and have excellent high temperature stability and mechanical properties. The structure and oxidation resistance of interphase plays a decisive role in the mechanical properties of SiC_f/SiC composites in harsh service environments. The research frontiers are to develop novel interphases that matches SiC fiber and has excellent oxidation resistance，achieving continuous and uniform preparations of such interphases. PIP， CVI and RMI techniques are commonly employed to prepare SiC_f/SiC composites， but a single technique no longer meets the performance requirements of the composite. Hence， a hybrid technique such as the hybrid CVI-PIP technique has been employed to manufacture SiC_f/SiC composites， through which processing parameters， microstructures， and mechanical properties have been widely investigated. Environmental barrier coatings are used as a barrier to prevent SiC_f/SiC composites from corrosion and degradation by external corrosive environments. Based on the third generation Si/Yb₂Si₂O₇ EBC system， highly reliable and long life-span environmental barrier coatings can be prepared by supplementing Si sources and self-healing cracks， thereby greatly improving the service life of SiC_f/SiC composites components. To achieve a wider application of SiC_f/SiC composites， further research work should be carried out in areas such as the structural design of composite components， low-cost manufacturing， development of new anti-oxidation interphases， development of novel EBCs with anti-peeling off and anti-cracking natures， failure analysis and life prediction of composite.

Two metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， Ce-UiO-66， and Zr-UiO-66， are synthesized using cerium ammonium nitrate （Ce（NH₄）₂（NO₃）₆） and zirconium tetrachloride （ZrCl₄） as metal salts， and 1，4-benzenedicarboxylic acid （H₂BDC） as the organic linker. The crystal structure and morphology of the MOFs are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The MOFs-modified functional separators are prepared by loading Ce-UiO-66 and Zr-UiO-66 onto one side of commercial Celgard PP separators via vacuum filtration. The electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries is assembled and tested. The results show that the Ce-UiO-66 modified separator batteries demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance. At a rate of 0.2 C， the initial discharge capacity reaches 1047 mAh·g^-1， with a capacity retention rate of 77.5% after 200 cycles and Coulombic efficiency approaching 100%. Under various current rates， the Ce-UiO-66 modified cells deliver discharge capacities of 1281， 945， 768.1， 673.2， 604.7 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1， 0.2， 0.5， 1， 2 C， respectively. When returning to 0.1 C， the capacity recovers to 951.6 mAh·g^-1 with a capacity retention rate of 74.3%. The above results demonstrate that the redox-active Ce₆-oxo clusters in Ce-UiO-66 can effectively catalyze the conversion reactions of lithium polysulfides （LiPSs） and enhance the redox kinetics. Furthermore， Ce-UiO-66 possesses abundant defects and unsaturated coordination sites， which can effectively anchor LiPSs， mitigate the shuttle effect， and further enhance the electrochemical performance of batteries.

Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites have been widely used in aerospace， defense industry， emerging civilian，and other fields due to their excellent properties such as low density， high strength and high temperature resistance. However， most of the preparation processes of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites have problems such as high cost and long cycles， which limit the application and promotion of ceramic matrix composites. The development of a low-cost preparation process is the key to promoting the wide application of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. In this paper， the preparation process of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites is briefly introduced， and the research status of low-cost processes such as reactive melt infiltration， nano infiltration and transient eutectoid， and slurry infiltration and hot pressing is summarized. The optimization of preparation process， microstructure and properties of composites is reviewed， and the future research direction of the low-cost preparation process is proposed， such as the preparation of ultra-high temperature ceramic interface by molten salt method and the preparation of porous matrix with uniform pore structure by reaction-induced phase separation， which can significantly improve the comprehensive properties of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites.

The thermoplastic composites have advantages in excellent fatigue resistance， short forming cycle， secondary processing， weldable and no storage condition restrictions， it is significant to study the preparation and forming method of thermoplastic prepreg to realize the engineering preparation of thermoplastic composites and meet the application requirements of aerospace， rail transit， and other fields. In this paper， the preparation process of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic prepreg is introduced in detail， including solution impregnation， melt impregnation， film lamination， powder impregnation， suspension hot melt， and fiber mixing. At the same time， the thermoplastic composite molding process is emphatically discussed， including hot pressing molding， winding molding， automatic laying molding， in-situ consolidation molding and 3D printing molding. Meanwhile， the feasibility of the engineering application is sorted out according to the characteristics of each prepreg preparation and molding process. Finally， the future trends of thermoplastic composite are prospected， and development suggestions are given.

As new energy vehicles proliferate and energy storage systems scale up， lithium-ion batteries confront market risks stemming from resource scarcity and price volatility. In this context， sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising alternative， leveraging their abundant resources to potentially complement lithium-ion batteries in large-scale electrochemical energy storage and low-speed electric vehicles. Despite the rapid surge in sodium-ion battery research and the onset of commercialization initiatives globally， several market and technological prerequisites persist， posing challenges compared to the well-established lithium-ion battery system. This article provides a concise overview of sodium-ion batteries from a commercialization perspective， tracing their development history and current industry standing. It delves into the core positive and negative electrode materials， costs， and application prospects within the existing sodium storage electrode material systems. Additionally， the article presents a forward-looking analysis of future opportunities and challenges， aiming to guide further advancements in the sodium-ion battery industry.

AlCoCrFeNi_2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy has excellent mechanical properties and promising applications in fields such as hydrogen storage and transportation. The surface of the alloy is hydrogenated by electrochemical hydrogenation， and tensile tests are carried out on H-charged and H-free specimens to compare and analyze the fracture morphology characteristics， and the effect of hydrogen-induced precipitated phase evolution on the mechanical properties of the alloy is studied. The results show that compared with the samples without hydrogen charging， the yield strength of the hydrogen charging solution samples with sulfuric acid concentrations of 0.5 mol/L and 1.0 mol/L decreases by 14.60% and 20.22%， respectively， and the tensile strength decreases by 15.50% and 25.15%， respectively. Additionally， the mechanical properties of the alloy further decrease with the increase of the hydrogen ion concentration in the hydrogen-charged solution， and the fracture region near the surface shows more obvious brittle fracture characteristics. The precipitated phase， which undergoes a phase transition after hydrogen charging， remains on the surface of the BCC phase during fracture to form a higher and denser raised structure， and a structure distinct from the two phases is also found at the phase boundary. The evolution of hydrogen-induced nanoprecipitated phases leads to a decrease in the overall mechanical properties of the alloy.

Zirconia toughened alumina （ZTA） ceramics exhibit excellent mechanical properties compared to single-phase Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ ceramics， demonstrating broader application prospects in high-end industrial fields such as electronics， biomedicine， and semiconductors. This paper reviews the toughening mechanism of ZTA ceramics and summarizes recent research progress， both domestic and international， on three aspects： powder preparation， sintering methods， and the introduction of the third phase. It focuses on analyzing the role of third-phase incorporation in ZTA ceramics through the use of various sintering techniques and processing methods. Finally， it points out that the nano-structuring of powders， fine control of advanced sintering techniques， and exploration of the microstructure through third-phase modulation are key directions for future research.

Polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE）， as a special engineering plastic， has many advantages such as excellent self-lubricating properties， good chemical stability， and a wide range of operating temperatures. However， its core disadvantages are poor wear resistance and easy wear， which seriously shorten its service life. Starting from the structural characteristics of PTFE molecules， this article takes the transfer film theory as the main thread to deeply analyze the friction and wear mechanism of PTFE and the research and development process. It summarizes the tribological modification methods of PTFE， analyzes the common methods of surface modification， filling modification， and blending modification， compares the internal mechanisms of these three types of modification methods， and summarizes the development trend of composite modification. Finally， based on recent research achievements and existing problems in the research process， the research direction of PTFE tribological modification is discussed， some suggestions on the quantitative study of transfer film， the industrial feasibility of multimode type collaborative composite modification， the selection and application of modification system under actual working conditions are given.

The excellent comprehensive high-temperature performance of Ti₂AlNb alloy makes it a potential substitute for some nickel-based alloys， serving as a key structural material for weight reduction in aviation engines. In response to the lightweight design requirements of future high-performance aviation engines， a combination of statistical comparison， control experiments， finite element simulation analysis， and other methods are used to analyse the material properties， alloy cold/hot processing performance， weight reduction benefits， etc. The advantages， potential， and remaining issues of the alloy’s application in aviation engines are discussed. The analysis results indicate the feasibility of using Ti₂AlNb alloy in aviation engines， with significant advantages in weight reduction： the alloy achieves a good balance of strength， toughness， and plasticity without obvious shortcomings； it has acceptable cold and hot processing performance， and can obtain engineering-sized parts through deformation， casting， and other methods； its combustion resistance is superior to traditional titanium alloys； when applied to static components such as casings， it can achieve a weight reduction of 35.3% compared to high-temperature alloys， and when applied to integral blade/disks and rotor components， it can achieve a weight reduction of 37.3% compared to nickel-based high-temperature alloys.

An inclined seeding method for Ni-based single crystal superalloy with a specific orientation is presented. The evolution of solidification microstructure and its mechanism are studied during the preparation of single crystals by this method through experiment and numerical simulation. The principle of controlling the crystal orientation of single crystal castings by inclined seeding crystals is discussed. The results show that single crystal castings with specific orientations can be produced by changing the orientation relationship between the 〈001〉 orientation seed and the casting. During the preparation process of single crystal， the seed is partially un-melted， and the un-melted interface is perpendicular to the seed axial. The melting alloy grows epitaxially along the un-melted seed to form a single crystal casting during the directional solidification process.

Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention owing to their abundant sodium reserves， cost-effectiveness， and operational principles akin to lithium-ion batteries， exhibiting immense potential for large-scale energy storage applications. The advancement of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities can effectively cater to frequency modulation needs in large-scale energy storage systems. As a pivotal component， the electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries plays a crucial role in electrode/electrolyte interface reactions and significantly influences the fast-charging characteristics of these batteries. This paper delve into the opportunities and challenges associated with fast-charging electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries. Furthermore， we discuss the intimate relationship between the fast-charging performance of sodium-ion batteries and the properties of the electrolyte， focusing on the electrolyte’s transmission characteristics and electrochemical stability. Lastly， we summarize the current development status of fast-charging electrolytes based on various solvent systems and propose a general design strategy. The comprehensive analysis presented in this paper offers valuable insights and guidance for the research and development of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities.

To meet the application requirement of advanced aviation engines for complex shell castings of high-strength and heat-resistant aluminum alloys， the process and mechanical properties of a new type of the Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Sc high-strength and heat-resistant aluminum alloy are analysed in comparison with ZL101A and ZL205A cast aluminum alloys. Design and experimental verification of the metal casting process for the complex casing of the oil pump are carried out by using the high-strength and heat-resistant aluminum alloy， and the quality of the casting products is evaluated. The results indicate that the new high-strength and heat-resistant Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Sc alloy shows better casting fluidity and hot cracking resistance than the ZL205A high-strength cast Al alloy. The qualification rate of the complex shell of its metal casting oil pump is comparable to that of the same type of shell ZL101A. The average tensile strengths at room temperature of the separated test bar of casting and test specimen from casting itself of the new alloy are higher than 420 MPa， which are significantly higher than that of ZL101A alloy， while the tensile strengths at 250 ℃ are superior to ZL205A alloy. The surface quality， internal quality， airtightness， and pressure resistant performance of the casting case all meet the design requirement of the product.

The phase composition and structure play an important role in the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the bonding layer alloy. Furthermore， the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the alloy strongly affects the working life of the thermal barrier coating prepared. In this paper， the effects of different Hf contents on the phase composition， structure， and isothermal oxidation process at 1150 ℃ are investigated by Thermo-Calc， X ray diffraction， and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results of theoretical calculations and microstructure observations indicate that the phase composition of NiCoCrAlY alloy containing 0.5% （mass fraction， the same below） and 1%Hf are mainly composed of the γ'-Ni₃Al phase and the β-NiAl phase. As the Hf content increases from 0.5% to 1%， the liquidus temperature of the alloys decreases from 1422 ℃ to 1418 ℃， the solidus temperature decreases from 1297 ℃ to 1287 ℃， and the solidification temperature range increases. Furthermore， the precipitation temperature of the α-Cr phase increases from 860 ℃ to 880 ℃ with increasing Hf content. The β-NiAl phase content of the bonding alloy with 0.5%Hf in the temperature range of 1000-1250 ℃ is higher than that of the alloy with 1.0%Hf. The isothermal oxidation analysis for 200 h shows that the mass gain versus oxidation time curves follow the typical parabolic oxidation kinetics. As the Hf content increases from 0.5% to 1.0% in alloys， the average oxidation rate increases from （0.15±0.008） g·m^-2·h^-1 to （0.32±0.006） g·m^-2·h^-1， and the parabolic oxidation rate constant k _p increases from 4.163 g²∙m^-4∙h^-1 to 9.337 g²∙m^-4∙h^-1. According to the phase analysis and morphology observation of the oxide layer， it is found that the oxide layer is mainly a dense Al₂O₃ layer； the white contrast HfO₂ phase is also distributed in the oxide film. With the increase of Hf content， the distribution of the HfO₂ phase in the oxide layer changes from discontinuity to continuousness， and the number and area of HfO₂ particles increase. Meanwhile， the internal oxidation degree is aggravated and the thickness of the lean Al layer is improved.

Sodium iron phosphate （NaFePO₄， NFP）， a cathode material renowned for its stable three-dimensional structure and high theoretical specific capacity of 154 mAh·g^-1， stands out as a pivotal component in sodium ion batteries. NFP exists in two distinct crystal structures： triphylite and maricite. The triphylite variety boasts a long lifespan and high reversible capacity， yet its structural thermodynamic instability poses challenges for conventional synthesis methods. Conversely， the maricite structure is stable but exhibits electrochemically inert characteristics due to the absence of cationic transport channels. Both structures suffer from low conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics， hindering their industrial applications. This paper delves into the characteristics of these two crystal structures and summarizes various synthesis methods， including solid-state， hydrothermal， displacement， and electrospinning， as well as modification techniques such as crystal structure regulation and material surface modification. Additionally， it identifies the key challenges faced by NFP cathodes and presents potential solutions， while also outlining future research directions.

As a common additive manufacturing （AM） technology， selective laser melting （SLM） is a great potential manufacturing technology for special-shaped parts，such as porous and thin-walled parts. However， the traditional single beam SLM technology develops slowly due to the problems of lesser forming size and inferior efficiency. On the basis of single-beam SLM， multi-beam selective laser melting （MB-SLM） uses multiple beams and multiple galvanometers to partition scan and perform overlap forming. It greatly improves the forming size and efficiency， perfectly solves the inherent problems of single-beam SLM，and is expected to become an emerging technology to expand the application of metal additive manufacturing. The research progress of multi-beam selective laser melting in forming principle， forming equipment， and formation and control of defects is reviewed. The microstructures and mechanical properties of different alloys manufactured by multi-beam selective laser melting are summarized. Importantly， the main strategies to control defects and mechanical properties are highlighted. Finally， the development trends are forecasted， such as the impact of temporal and spatial difference characteristics between multi-beam on mechanical properties， and the consistency change of process parameters between different regions to reduce defects of formed parts.

The sulfonated branched polybenzimidazole （sb-PBI） membranes with theoretical sulfonation degrees of 30%，40%，50%，and 60% are prepared by reacting between synthesized branched polybenzimidazole and 1，4-butane sultone for application in all-vanadium flow battery （VFB）. Among them，the sb-PBI-50 membrane shows excellent vanadium ion resistance （9.34×10^-9 cm²/min），proton conductivity （2.05×10^-2 S/cm），and selectivity （2.20×10⁶ S·min/cm³）. The coulomb efficiencies （96.26%-98.35%），voltage efficiencies （73.50%-90.19%），and energy efficiencies （71.72%-86.82%） of VFB with sb-PBI-50 membrane are higher than those of commercial Nafion 212 membrane under the current density of 80-280 mA/cm². In addition，the VFB assembled with sb-PBI-50 membrane can stably carry out 1170 charge-discharge cycles at 140 mA/cm². The chemical structure and micro-morphologies can remain stable after long-term cycles，indicating that the sb-PBI-50 membrane has good application potential in VFB.

Defects are the main factors affecting fracture behavior of casting materials. The fracture behavior of high pressure casting aluminium alloy is predicted using Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman （GTN） damage model combined with finite element simulation software. The results show that damage parameters suitable for high pressure casting aluminum alloy materials are obtained through finite element reverse fitting， with a nucleated void volume fraction f_{\mathrm{N}} = \mathrm{0.12}， critical void volume fraction f_{\mathrm{c}} = \mathrm{0.001}， and fracture void volume fraction f_{\mathrm{F}} = \mathrm{0.001}. At the same time， fracture behavior prediction based on microscopic features is carried out by simplifying the pore morphology as ellipsoids and ignoring pores with volumes less than 0.001 mm³， to avoid low efficiency and non convergence in finite simulation calculations. The applicability of the two models in predicting the fracture behavior of casting materials is compared， and it is concluded that the finite element simulation combined with damage mechanics has higher computational efficiency， but the finite element simulation based on microscopic characteristics has higher prediction accuracy.

NiTi shape memory alloys （SMAs） have found widespread applications due to their unique superelasticity and shape memory effects. However， traditional manufacturing methods face challenges in fabricating complex geometries and precisely controlling the microstructure NiTi alloys. Wire arc additive manufacturing （WAAM）， with its layer-by-layer deposition characteristics， offers a novel solution for NiTi alloy fabrication. This paper reviews the research progress in WAAM NiTi shape memory alloys， with emphasis on the influence of process parameters on microstructure， phase transformation behavior， and mechanical properties. The advantages and disadvantages of different arc processes （such as gas metal arc welding， gas tungsten arc welding， and cold metal transfer） in NiTi alloy fabrication are analyzed， along with recent achievements in forming quality， phase transformation temperature control， and mechanical properties through WAAM technology. Particular attention is given to the significant microstructural heterogeneity and oxidation issues arising from high heat input， low cooling rates， and repeated thermal cycling during the layer-by-layer deposition process， which adversely affect mechanical properties and superelastic performance. To address these challenges， strategies including process optimization， active cooling， third element addition， and heat treatment are proposed to improve material homogeneity. Furthermore， this paper discusses the heterogeneous structure design of NiTi alloys with other metals， highlighting the potential of WAAM in fabricating multi-material composite structures for high-performance devices. While WAAM demonstrates advantages in fabricating complex geometries and multi-material structures， challenges remain regarding oxidation， element vaporization， and poor interlayer bonding. Future research should focus on heat treatment optimization and microstructural control， development of novel multi-metal composites， and exploration of innovative approaches to enhance interfacial bonding and oxidation resistance， thereby further improving NiTi alloy performance and expanding their application domains.

The micro-sized second-phase and recrystallized structure has an important influence on the strength and toughness of 5083-O alloy. In order to acquire the morphological feature of the micro-sized second-phase particles and recrystallized particles in 5083-O alloy， multi-slices EDS data at a low acceleration voltage of 5 kV and EBSD data at 20 kV of the alloy are collected based on the double beam microscope system. These multi-slices data are restructured into three-dimensional types by Avizo software. The size， morphology， distribution， and volume fraction of the chief second-phases （Mg₂Si phase and Fe-rich phase） and recrystallized structure are obtained through the restructured data. The results show that the volume fractions of Mg₂Si phases， Fe-rich phases， and recrystallized particles in the studied alloy are 0.46%，0.25%， and 11.7%， respectively. Most Mg₂Si particles have smooth surfaces， with shapes of near-spherical， near-ellipsoid， or rod-shaped， and elongate along the rolling direction. The Fe-rich phases in the alloy are angular or subangular， and have relatively low spherical degrees. The three-dimensional EBSD restructure data show that the smaller size recrystallized particles have the higher spherical degrees， and the bigger size recrystallized particles have the lower spherical degrees. It is found that the recrystallized grains grow up from the small sphere recrystallized particles during the annealing process， and grow fastest along the rolling direction. The morphology of recrystallized particles is more truly reflected by three-dimensional EBSD results.

Fluorinated and cyanosubstituted lithium sulfonimide （LiFBTFSI and LiCBTFSI） are synthesized from 4-fluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride and 4-cyanobenzene sulfonyl chloride by sulfonylation and ion exchange， respectively. Two PEO based polymer electrolytes （PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI and PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI） are prepared by solution casting， and their micromorphology， thermal stability and electrochemical properties are characterized. The results show that at 60 ℃ and EO/Li⁺=20， the ionic conductivity of the two solid electrolyte reaches 10^-4 S/cm， the electrochemical stability window is greater than 5 V， and the battery assembled with lithium iron phosphate has a high initial discharge capacity （0.1 C， ≈150 mAh·g^-1）. Compared with the fluorine PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI solid electrolyte， the cyan-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has better electrochemical stability and interface compatibility. After 50 cycles， the specific discharge capacity of the battery is 137.4 mAh·g^-1， and the capacity retention rate is 93.0%. In addition， the cyano-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has good electrochemical stability with lithium metal， and the assembled lithium symmetric battery operates stably at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm² for 500 h without short circuit.

The development of advanced aero-engines with high thrust-to-weight ratios in the future has an urgent need for new high-performance lightweight high-temperature compressor blisks. Laser additive manufacturing TC25G-TiAl4822 gradient structure material is an important material system for the blisk of the lightweight high-temperature compressor. The composition selection and solidification structure research of gradient transition layer alloy have a key influence on guiding the structural performance design of related components. To understand the solidification structure evolution behavior of （1-x）TC25G-xTiAl4822 transition layer alloy with the change of TiAl4822 pre-alloyed powder content in powder raw materials， two kinds of single raw material （TC25G or TiAl4822） alloy ingots and alloy ingots with nine kinds of mixed raw materials are prepared by laser melting technology. Material characterization equipment and hardness measurement devices such as optical microscope， scanning electron microscope， XRD， and TEM are used for the study. The research results show that with the increase of the content of TiAl4822 alloy powder in the raw material， the characteristics of solidified grains change to dendrite → equiaxed → dendrite. The microstructure of the alloy at room temperature changes as follows： α_p+α_s+β+α₂→α_p+ α_s+α₂+β/B2 → α+α₂+β/B2 → α₂+B2 → α₂+γ+B2 → α₂+γ. Due to the change of the phase content of different alloy compositions， the Vickers hardness of the matrix first increases and then decreases， the overall hardness value changes in the range of about 450-620HV when the powder proportion is 50%-70%. If the intermediate composition alloy is directly used as the transition layer， the hardness will suddenly change. Therefore， the selection of the transition layer alloy composition should consider the range close to pure TC25G or TiAl4822.The above results provide the basis for the composition selection of bimetallic transition layer alloys to avoid the intermediate proportion of powder content range.

This study investigates the dynamic compressive mechanical properties of three-dimensional woven carbon/carbon composites under both room temperature（25 ℃） quasi-static and from 25 ℃ to 900 ℃ dynamic compression conditions using both a materials testing machine and a split Hopkinson press bar device equipped for simultaneous high-temperature loading. The experimental results reveal that the strength of the composites is influenced by three key factors： fiber orientation， strain rate， and temperature. Specifically， under consistent strain rates and temperatures， the composites exhibit higher strength in the Z-direction compared to the XY-direction. As the strain rate escalates， the strengths of the composites in both the XY-direction and Z-direction increase， indicating a positive correlation with the strain rate. Upon heating from room temperature to 900 ℃， the strengths of both XY-direction and Z-direction composites initially rise， peaking at 600 ℃， and then gradually decline. Under both static and dynamic loading conditions， XY-direction composites undergo shear failure， albeit with a smaller shear fracture angle in the dynamic case compared to the quasi-static scenario. An increase in the strain rate results in a transition in the fracture mode of Z-direction composites， shifting from shear failure to a combination of matrix crushing and partial fiber fracture.

To investigate the applicability and temperature dependence of several commonly used constitutive models of rubber materials for seismic isolation bearings in our country at low temperatures， uniaxial tensile tests are conducted on four different formulations of rubber materials used in seismic isolation bearings. These tests are performed at temperatures ranging from 23 ℃ to -60 ℃. The material parameters of seven constitutive models are determined using the least squares fitting method， and their suitability at low temperatures is analyzed. Additionally， ABAQUS software is employed to conduct uniaxial tensile simulations of the four rubber materials at various temperatures， aiming to verify parameter accuracy and assess model convergence for each constitutive model. The results demonstrate that the Yeoh model exhibits superior stability and computational accuracy compared to other constitutive models at temperatures ranging from 23 ℃ to -40 ℃. However， at -60 ℃， the rubber material undergoes complete solidification， and none of the seven constitutive models considered in this study accurately capture its mechanical characteristics. Consequently， by investigating the temperature dependency of the Yeoh model， this study proposes a functional expression incorporating temperature effects. This expression enables the predicting of mechanical properties for rubber materials with similar shear modulus at different temperatures.

With the development of fields such as aviation， aerospace， and navigation， the service conditions for high-end equipment have become increasingly stringent， placing higher demands on the manufacturing industry. Additive manufacturing technology， also known as 3D printing technology， has significant advantages over traditional manufacturing techniques in producing complex shapes and structures， and it is expected to achieve specific location printing and structural printing with unique properties in three-dimensional space. Wire-based laser directed energy deposition （W-LDED） technology， as an important branch of additive manufacturing， has notable advantages such as high efficiency， high precision， and high material utilization， making it promising for applications in the manufacturing of high-end equipment. Despite the many advantages of W-LDED technology， there are still numerous challenges regarding the selection of process parameters， multiple thermal cycles， and the precise control and repeatability of the manufacturing process. The deposition quality and manufacturing stability are influenced by various factors， and addressing these current challenges is a key focus of research both domestically and internationally. Based on this， this paper provides a detailed introduction to the current research status of W-LDED technology from three aspects： process parameter optimization， deposition quality analysis， and microstructural composition control. It analyzes the impact of different parameters on forming quality and manufacturing stability， proposes optimization strategies， summarizes the current application scenarios of W-LDED technology， and presents ideas for the future development trends of this technology，including material innovation and the development of multifuctional composites，research on forming mechanisms，establishing predictive models for process-defect-microstructure property relationships， new hybrid additive/subtractive manufacturing methods，and the development of large-scale，high-precision，and multifuctional equipment.

Flexible energy storage devices made from natural fiber braids have garnered significant attention due to their abundant availability， low cost， and mature and reliable structural design. However， these natural fiber materials typically suffer from low specific surface area and energy storage density. To address this issue， this study employs a multi-step treatment method， such as incorporating high-temperature carbonization， heterogeneous element doping， strong alkali etching， and MXene electrochemical active material coating，to treat commercial cotton fabrics. The effects of these multi-step treatments on the materials are explored through analyses of their chemical composition， microscopic morphology， microporous structure， and energy storage behavior. The results show that after multi-step treatment， the material maintains a good flexible characteristic， realizes the co-doping of N and S elements， and improves the microstructure of the carbon cloth material. Specifically， the average pore size on the surface of the carbon cloth decreases from 36.44 nm to 2.03 nm， while its specific surface area increased dramatically from 1.78 m²/g to 1043.37 m²/g， representing an increase of 58516%. Additionally， the total pore volume rises from 0.0162 mL/g to 0.53 mL/g. Following complex treatment， the carbon cloth achieves high specific capacitance of 530.83 F/g. However， the material still faces challenges regarding poor rate capability and unstable energy storage performance， which require further improvement in subsequent studies. This research outlines directions and provides technical and theoretical references for enhancing the energy storage performance of flexible carbon-based materials.

The 18Ni350 maraging steel（M350） straight-wall component is fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing（WAAM） process. By employing direct aging heat treatment， the microstructure and mechanical properties of M350 are controlled. The effect of different aging conditions （aging temperature and aging time） on the microstructure and performance of M350 is studied. The results show that the solidification microstructure of M350 fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing consists of columnar dendrites and cellular dendrites， with segregation of Ni， Mo， and Ti elements observed in the interdendritic regions.During the direct aging process， a reverse transformation occurs in the interdendrite region where Ni， Mo， and Ti elements segregate，leading to the conversion of martensite phase to austenite phase. With the increase of aging temperature and aging time， the size and quantity of reversed austenite increase. The microhardness， yield strength （YS）， and ultimate tensile strength （UTS） first increase and then decrease. The peak microhardness （534HV）， YS （1600 MPa）， and UTS （1658 MPa） are achieved at 530 ℃ aging for 3 h. At the same time， the elongation after fracture remains a value above 13%. In addition， the M350 fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing demonstrates mechanical anisotropy， with the anisotropy difference peaking under the optimal aging conditions， exhibiting a YS difference of 360 MPa and a UTS difference of 287 MPa.

High-entropy metallic glasses， combining structural disorder of traditional amorphous alloys with the chemical disorder of high-entropy alloys， exhibit excellent thermal stability， magnetic properties， corrosion resistance， and biocompatibility， positioning them as a focal point of recent research. The concept and origin of high-entropy metallic glasses are firstly introduced， followed by a summary of their composition system， preparation methods， and various properties. The reasons for the formation of amorphous structure in high-entropy metallic glasses are analysed from the perspectives of material system and preparation methods. The mechanisms having the good mechanical properties， thermal stability， and corrosion resistance of high-entropy metallic glasses are also explained. Finally， high-throughput material design using material calculations is looked forward to， with an emphasis on the exploration of composite properties， coatings， and other new preparation methods. It is also pointed out that solving fundamental theoretical problems is an important prerequisite for promoting the development of these materials.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFC） have the advantages of high energy conversion efficiency， low impact of load changes on power generation efficiency， and low harmful substances and carbon emissions. The bipolar plate is one of the key structural components of PEMFC and undertakes the functions of electron transfer， gas distribution， internal water management， and supporting membrane electrode components. Composite bipolar plates have advantages such as light weight， corrosion resistance， and low cost， and have received more attention. However， to maintain the stable operation of fuel cells， it is necessary that water accumulated in the flow channel can be smoothly discharged while ensuring membrane wetting. This poses new requirements for the surface characteristics of bipolar plates. For composite graphite plates， they can adjust the contact angle and regulate the water and gas conditions of PEMFCs by changing their composition and preparation process. This article introduces the addition of carbon nanofibers prepared by chemical vapor deposition （CF-CVD） in the flake graphite-resin composite materials to regulate the hydrophilicity of composite bipolar plates. Additionally， the impact of varying flake graphite particle sizes on the hydrophilicity regulation of these plates is examined. The results reveal that increased carbon fiber content enhances the surface hydrophilicity of bipolar plates， with the smallest contact angle achieving 10.28°. The particle size of flake graphite affects the contact angle of composite bipolar plates. To optimize the hydrophilicity of bipolar plates with CF-CVD， 500-1500 mesh graphite is recommended as the conductive substrate. Specifically， a CF-CVD content of 3%， combined with 1000 mesh flake graphite， yields a hydrophilic composite bipolar plate with superior comprehensive performance， exhibiting a conductivity of 239.33 S/cm and a bending strength of 73.47 MPa.

The long-term oxidation resistance of TiC ceramics is a key parameter for their application in aerospace industries and must be carefully evaluated at high temperatures and various airflow environments. TiC single-phase ceramics are prepared by hot-pressed sintering. The non-isothermal oxidation properties of TiC ceramics from room temperature to 1500 ℃ are analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimeter （TG-DSC） thermal analyzer. The isothermal oxidation properties of TiC ceramics in different environments （temperature： 1000，1200，1500 ℃， atmosphere： static air， one-way air flow， low oxygen partial pressure air flow） are analyzed by a tubular oxidation furnace， and its oxidation rate is characterized by monitoring the change in mass per unit area. The results show that the diffusion activation energy of TiC ceramics at 1200-1500 ℃ is about 378.78 kJ/mol， and the reaction activation energy is about 17.82 kJ/mol. TiC ceramics have a three-layer structure of TiO₂ oxide layer， TiC _x O _y interlayer and TiC substrate after oxidation. The results of oxidation kinetics indicate that the oxidation rate is controlled by reaction rate at 1200 ℃， and is controlled by oxygen diffusion at 1500 ℃. At 1000 ℃， the oxidation rate in the initial stage （the first 100 min） is controlled by diffusion， then by reaction. In the low oxygen partial pressure air flow environment， the reaction rate and diffusion rate of high-temperature molecular oxygen oxidation of TiC ceramics are both inhibited， and a relatively dense TiO₂ oxide layer can be formed.