Research progress in recycling and application of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials

Mingjun XIAO

PDF(2041 KB)
PDF(2041 KB)
Journal of Materials Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (7) : 132-141. DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000865
REVIEW

Research progress in recycling and application of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials

Author information +
History +

Abstract

In recent years， with the proposed goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”， the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles has led to a soaring demand for lithium ion batteries （LIBs）. However， the widespread use of LIBs inevitably results in a sharp increase in the number of retired batteries， making the efficient recycling and reuse of these waste batteries an urgent issue. LIBs are categorized into four main types： ternary lithium ion batteries， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries， lithium cobalt oxide lithium ion batteries， and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion batteries. Among them， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries stand out for their extensive applications and high recycling potential. Currently， the recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries primarily focuses on the recovery of valuable elements from cathode materials， high-value reuse of materials， and the recycling and functional development of anode materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the recycling and reuse of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials， highlighting processes such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery， the regeneration of cathode materials and their innovative applications in catalysts， as well as the reprocessing of waste anode graphite and the preparation of graphite-based functional materials. Finally， combined with the current technical level， the recycling and utilization of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials are summarized， and it is pointed out that the future direction of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials recycling should highlight the trend of optimization classification and recycling strategy， innovative recycling technology， comprehensive recycling， in-depth research on recycling mechanism， and optimization of electrode material design. At the same time， the challenges of future recycling technology are complex battery composition， irregular battery shape， electrolyte processing problems， and low recovery rate.

Key words

lithium ion battery / lithium iron phosphate / cathode material / anode material / recycling and reusing

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations
Mingjun XIAO. Research progress in recycling and application of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials. Journal of Materials Engineering. 2025, 53(7): 132-141 https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000865

References

List( Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within ) Chart analysis
[1]
LIN J， ZHANG X， FAN E， et al. Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries： from structure， recycling， and properties to applications［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2023， 16（3）： 745-791.
本文引用 [1]
[2]
SUGIAWAN Y， MANAGI S. New evidence of energy-growth nexus from inclusive wealth［J］. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews， 2019， 103： 40-48.
本文引用 [1]
[3]
NARAYANARU S， MIYANISHI S， KUROKI H， et al. Start-stop cyclic durability analysis of membrane-electrode assemblies using polyflourene-based electrolytes for an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2023， 11（25）： 9295-9302.
本文引用 [1]
[4]
LU L， HU Y， DAI K. The advance of fiber-shaped lithium ion batteries［J］. Materials Today Chemistry， 2017， 5： 24-33.
本文引用 [1]
[5]
王乔， 李海英， 汪小琪， 等. 废旧锂离子电池正极材料有价金属回收研究进展［J］. 化学通报， 2024， 87（4）： 441-448.
WANG Q， LI H Y， WANG X Q， et al. Research progress in valuable metal recovery from cathode materials of used lithium-ion batteries［J］. Chemistry， 2024， 87（4）： 441-448.
[6]
XIAO M， MENG Y， LI Y， et al. Tailoring nitrogen content in doped carbon by a facile synthesis with ionic liquid precursors for lithium ion batteries［J］. Applied Surface Science， 2019， 494： 532-539.
[7]
XIAO M J， ZHANG H， MA B， et al. Template-free synthesis of a yolk-shell Co3O4/nitrogen-doped carbon microstructure for excellent lithium ion storage［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A， 2021， 9（43）： 24548-24559.
[8]
XIAO M J， MA B， ZHANG Z Q， et al. Carbon nano-onion encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles for oxygen reduction and lithium-ion batteries［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A， 2021， 9（11）： 7227-7237.
本文引用 [1]
[9]
ZHENG M， TANG H， HU Q， et al. Tungsten-based materials for lithium-ion batteries［J］. Advanced Functional Materials， 2018， 28（20）： 1707500.
本文引用 [1]
[10]
李峻， 田阳， 杨斌， 等. 废旧锂离子电池正极材料有价金属回收研究现状［J］. 中国有色金属学报， 2024， 34（6）： 1786-1808.
LI J， TIAN Y， YANG B， et al. Research status of valuable metal recovery of cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries［J］. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals， 2024， 34（6）： 1786-1808.
本文引用 [1]
[11]
XIAO M， QI D， SUN H， et al. Recent advances in SnS2-based nanomaterials as high-performance anodes for sodium ion batteries［J］. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers， 2024， 11（14）： 4107-4140.
[12]
XIAO M J， MA B， ZHANG H， et al. Hollow NiO/carbon pompons for efficient lithium ion storage［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A， 2022， 10（40）： 21492-21502.
本文引用 [1]
[13]
安富强， 赵洪量， 程志， 等. 纯电动车用锂离子电池发展现状与研究进展［J］. 工程科学学报， 2019， 41（1）： 22-42.
AN F Q， ZHAO H L， CHENG Z， et al. Development status and research progress of power battery for pure electric vehicles［J］. Chinese Journal of Engineering， 2019， 41（1）： 22-42.
本文引用 [1]
[14]
廖文明， 戴永年， 姚耀春， 等. 4种正极材料对锂离子电池性能的影响及其发展趋势［J］. 材料导报， 2008， 22（10）： 45-49.
LIAO W M， DAI Y N， YAO Y C， et al. Effect of four kinds of cathode materials on properties of lithium-ion batteries and development trend［J］. Materials Reports， 2008， 22（10）： 45-49.
[15]
ZHANG L， ZHANG X， TIAN G， et al. Lithium lanthanum titanate perovskite as an anode for lithium ion batteries［J］. Nature Communications， 2020， 11（1）： 3490-3497.
[16]
WANG S T， QUAN W， ZHU Z， et al. Lithium titanate hydrates with superfast and stable cycling in lithium ion batteries［J］. Nature Communications， 2017， 8（1）： 627.
[17]
吴仪娜，周乐， 徐国庆，等. 高振实密度圆饼状LiFePO4/C的制备及电化学性能［J］. 无机化学学报， 2017（8）： 1423-1428.
WU Y N， ZHOU L， XU G Q， et al. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of cake-like LiFePO4/C with high tap density［J］. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry， 2017（8）： 1423-1428.
本文引用 [1]
[18]
宋文吉， 陈永珍， 吕杰， 等. 锂离子电池容量衰减机理研究进展［J］. 新能源进展， 2016， 4（5）：364-372.
SONG W J， CHEN Y Z， LYU J， et al. Research progress on capacity fading mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries［J］. Advances in New and Renewable Energy， 2016， 4（5）： 364-372.
本文引用 [1]
[19]
QIU X， ZHANG B， XU Y， et al. Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries［J］. Green Chemistry， 2022， 24（6）： 2506-2515.
[20]
RUAN J， TONG Y， RAN J， et al. Simplifying and optimizing Li4SiO4 preparation from spent LiFePO4 batteries with enhanced CO2 adsorption［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2023， 11（38）： 14158-14166.
本文引用 [1]
[21]
NATARAJAN S， ARAVINDAN V. Recycling strategies for spent Li-ion battery mixed cathodes［J］. ACS Energy Letters， 2018， 3（9）： 2101-2103.
本文引用 [1]
[22]
RAMASUBRAMANIAN B， PRASADA R R， DALAPATI G K， et al. Sustainable materials and decarbonization prospects in battery technologies［J］. ACS Applied Energy Materials， 2024， 7（8）： 3018-3020.
[23]
赵天瑜， 宋云峰， 李永立， 等. 萃取法从废旧锂离子电池正极材料浸出液中提取锂［J］. 有色金属科学与工程， 2019， 10（1）： 49-53.
ZHAO T Y， SONG Y F， LI Y L， et al. Recovery of lithium from leaching solution of anode materials in waste lithium-ion batteries by solvent extraction method［J］. Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering， 2019， 10（1）： 49-53.
[24]
吴一帆， 胡书春， 刘卓琳， 等. 退役动力磷酸铁锂电池的回收工艺研究进展［J］. 材料科学， 2023， 13（7）： 703-711.
WU Y F， HU S C， LIU Z L， et al. Progress in recycling processes of retired power lithium iron phosphate batteries［J］. Material Sciences， 2023， 13（7）： 703-711.
[25]
陈娟， 张承龙， 张西华， 等. 废旧磷酸铁锂电池集流体分离与正极材料再生［J］. 有色金属工程， 2024， 14（1）： 151-159.
CHEN J， ZHANG C L， ZHANG X H， et al. Separation of waste lithium iron phosphate batteries and regeneration of positive electrode materials［J］. Nonferrous Metals Engineering， 2024， 14（1）： 151-159.
本文引用 [1]
[26]
JI H， WANG J， MA J， et al. Fundamentals， status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries［J］. Chemical Society Reviews， 2023， 52（23）： 8194-8244.
本文引用 [1]
[27]
谢光炎， 凌云， 钟胜. 废旧锂离子电池回收处理技术研究进展［J］. 环境科学与技术， 2009， 32（4）： 97-101.
XIE G Y， LING Y， ZHONG S. Overview of recovery techniques of spent lithium-ion batteries［J］. Environmental Science & Technology， 2009， 32（4）： 97-101.
[28]
SAJU D， EBENEZER J， CHANDRAN N， et al. Recycling of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries： a mini-review［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research， 2023， 62（30）： 11768-11783.
[29]
CHEN S P， LV D， CHEN J， et al. Review on defects and modification methods of LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries［J］. Energy & Fuels， 2022， 36（3）： 1232-1251.
本文引用 [1]
[30]
PIGŁOWSKA M， KURC B， FUĆ P， et al. Novel recycling technologies and safety aspects of lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles［J］. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management， 2024， 26（5）： 2656-2669.
本文引用 [1]
[31]
RA D I， HAN K S. Used lithium ion rechargeable battery recycling using Etoile-Rebatt technology［J］.Journal of Power Sources， 2006， 163（1）： 284-288.
本文引用 [1]
[32]
YU J， WANG X， ZHOU M， et al. A redox targeting-based material recycling strategy for spent lithium ion batteries［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2019， 12（9）： 2672-2677.
本文引用 [1]
[33]
ZHU Z， GAO X. Structural composition and disassembly techniques for efficient recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries［J］. Advanced Sustainable Systems， 2024（18）： 2400610.
本文引用 [1]
[34]
MIROSHNIKOV M， KATO K， BABU G， et al. Made from Henna！ a fast-charging， high-capacity， and recyclable tetrakislawsone cathode material for lithium ion batteries［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2019， 7（16）： 13836-13844.
本文引用 [1]
[35]
ECHAVARRI B V， AMARI H， HARTLEY J， et al. Selective bacterial separation of critical metals： towards a sustainable method for recycling lithium ion batteries［J］. Green Chemistry， 2022， 24（21）： 8512-8522.
本文引用 [1]
[36]
NEUMANN J， PETRANIKOVA M， MEEUS M， et al. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries-current state of the art， circular economy， and next generation recycling［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2022， 12（17）： 2102917.
本文引用 [1]
[37]
SIYU G， ENHUA D， BINGGUO L， et al. Eco-friendly closed-loop recycling of nickel， cobalt， manganese， and lithium from spent ternary lithium-ion battery cathodes［J］. Separation and Purification Technology， 2024， 348： 127771.
本文引用 [1]
[38]
XIAO J， LI J， XU Z. Challenges to future development of spent lithium ion batteries recovery from environmental and technological perspectives［J］. Environmental Science & Technology， 2020， 54（1）： 9-25.
本文引用 [1]
[39]
权朝明， 王敏， 彭正军， 等. 废旧磷酸铁锂电池正极材料回收利用技术研究进展［J］. 绿色矿冶， 2023， 39（1）： 65-74.
QUAN C M， WANG M， PENG Z J， et al. Research progress on recycling and utilization of cathode materials for spent lithium iron phosphate batteries［J］. Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy， 2023， 39（1）： 65-74.
本文引用 [1]
[40]
ZHANG Y， GUO X， WU F， et al. Mesocarbon microbead carbon-supported magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles： turning spent Li-ion battery anode into a highly efficient phosphate adsorbent for wastewater treatment［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces， 2016， 8（33）： 21315-21325.
本文引用 [1]
[41]
ZHOU M， LI B， LI J， et al. Pyrometallurgical technology in the recycling of a spent lithium ion battery： evolution and the challenge［J］. ACS ES&T engineering， 2021， 1（10）： 1369-1382.
[42]
LEI S， SUN W， YANG Y. Comprehensive technology for recycling and regenerating materials from spent lithium iron phosphate battery［J］. Environmental Science & Technology， 2024， 58（8）： 3609-3628.
[43]
WEN G， YUAN S， DONG Z， et al. Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate battery cathode materials： a review［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2024， 474： 143625.
[44]
CUI K， ZHAO M C， LI Y， et al. Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries： research progress based on environmental protection and sustainable development technology［J］. Separation and Purification Technology， 2025， 354： 128982.
本文引用 [1]
[45]
QI L， WANG Y， KONG L， et al. Manufacturing processes and recycling technology of automotive lithium-ion battery： a review［J］. Journal of Energy Storage， 2023， 67： 107533.
本文引用 [1]
[46]
ZHANG B， QU X， CHEN X， et al. A sodium salt-assisted roasting approach followed by leaching for recovering spent LiFePO4 batteries［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials， 2022， 424： 127586.
本文引用 [4]
[47]
FAN E， LI L， WANG Z， et al. Sustainable recycling technology for Li-ion batteries and beyond： challenges and future prospects［J］. Chemical Reviews， 2020， 120（14）： 7020-7063.
本文引用 [1]
[48]
MAKUZA B， TIAN Q， GUO X， et al. Pyrometallurgical options for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries： a comprehensive review［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2021， 491： 229622.
本文引用 [1]
[49]
LI R， LI Y， DONG L， et al. Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method［J］. Separation and Purification Technology， 2023， 310： 123133.
本文引用 [1]
[50]
ZHAO T， MAHANDRA H， MARTHI R， et al. An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate： synthesis， modification， application， and recycling［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2024， 485： 149923.
[51]
SHAN M， DANG C， MENG K， et al. Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials： from laboratory scale to industrial production［J］. Materials Today， 2024， 73： 130-150.
本文引用 [1]
[52]
LI H， XING S Z， LIU Y， et al. Recovery of lithium， iron， and phosphorus from spent LiFePO4 batteries using stoichiometric sulfuric acid leaching system［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2017， 5（9）： 8017-8024.
本文引用 [1]
[53]
FAN E， LI L， ZHANG X， et al. Selective recovery of Li and Fe from spent lithium-ion batteries by an environmentally friendly mechanochemical approach［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2018， 6（8）： 11029-11035.
本文引用 [3]
[54]
KUMAR J， SHEN X， LI B， et al. Selective recovery of Li and FePO4 from spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps by organic acids and the properties of the regenerated LiFePO4 ［J］. Waste Management， 2020， 113： 32-40.
本文引用 [1]
[55]
LIU K， LIU L， TAN Q， et al. Selective extraction of lithium from a spent lithium iron phosphate battery by mechanochemical solid-phase oxidation［J］. Green Chemistry， 2021， 23（3）： 1344-1352.
本文引用 [1]
[56]
ZHAO T， LI W， TRAVERSY M， et al. A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries［J］. Journal of Environmental Management， 2024， 351： 119670.
本文引用 [2]
[57]
YADAV P， JIE C J， TAN S， et al. Recycling of cathode from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials， 2020， 399： 123068.
[58]
JI G， TANG D， WANG J， et al. Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material［J］. Nature Communications， 2024， 15（1）： 4086.
[59]
LI J， FAN W， QIN W， et al. The regeneration process of FePO4 in electrochemical lithium extraction： the role of alkali ions［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2024， 493： 152476.
[60]
HSIEH H W， WANG C H， HUANG A F， et al. Green chemical delithiation of lithium iron phosphate for energy storage application［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2021， 418： 129191.
本文引用 [1]
[61]
LEI S， ZHAO W， LI J， et al. For elements-utilization regeneration of spent LiFePO4： designed basic precursors for advanced polycrystal electrode materials［J］. Energy Storage Materials， 2025， 74： 103863.
本文引用 [1]
[62]
YANG D， FANG Z， JI Y， et al. A room-temperature lithium-restocking strategy for the direct reuse of degraded LiFePO4 electrodes［J］. Angewandte Chemie International Edition， 2024， 63（49）： e202409929.
本文引用 [3]
[63]
GAN T， YUAN J， CHEN F， et al. Continuous flow electrochemical synthesis of olivine-structured NaFePO4 cathode material for sodium-ion batteries from recycle LiFePO4 ［J］. Small， 2024， 20（32）： 2401489.
本文引用 [1]
[64]
QIU X， WANG C， CHEN Y， et al. Potential-regulated design for direct recycling of degraded LiFePO4 cathode［J］. Small， 2024， 20（40）： 2402278.
本文引用 [1]
[65]
JIAO M， ZHANG Q， YE C， et al. Isolating contiguous Fe atoms by forming a Co-Fe intermetallic catalyst from spent lithium-ion batteries to regulate activity for zinc-air batteries［J］. ACS Nano， 2022， 16（8）： 13223-13231.
本文引用 [2]
[66]
YAO H， ZHANG Y， YANG G， et al. Recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate cathodes： challenges and progress［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces， 2024， 16（49）：67087-67105.
本文引用 [1]
[67]
LI Z， LI M， CHEN Y， et al. Upcycling of spent LiFePO4 cathodes to heterostructured electrocatalysts for stable direct seawater splitting［J］. Angewandte Chemie International Edition， 2024， 63（44）： e202410396.
本文引用 [1]
[68]
LI Q， LIU X， XU W， et al. Recycling spent LiNi1- x - y MnCoO2 cathodes to high-entropy NiCoMnAlFe-LDHs for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis［J］. Separation and Purification Technology， 2025， 359： 130418.
本文引用 [1]
[69]
ZHAO T， CHOI Y， WU C， et al. A review on direct regeneration of spent lithium iron phosphate： from waste to wealth［J］. Science of the Total Environment， 2024， 957： 177748.
本文引用 [1]
[70]
JIANG X， ZHANG H， LI R， et al. Regeneration of black powders of waste lithium iron phosphate battery produced by large-scale industrialization［J］. Energy Technology， 2024， 12（7）： 2400175.
本文引用 [1]
[71]
CHEN X， CAO L， KANG D， et al. Recovery of valuable metals from mixed types of spent lithium ion batteries. part Ⅱ： selective extraction of lithium［J］. Waste Management， 2018， 80： 198-210.
本文引用 [1]
[72]
QI C， YAO T， ZHAI W， et al. Advances in degradation mechanism and sustainable recycling of LiFePO4-type lithium-ion batteries［J］. Energy Storage Materials， 2024， 71： 103623.
[73]
WANG M， LIU K， DUTTA S， et al. Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries： status， technologies， challenges， and prospects［J］. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews， 2022， 163： 112515.
本文引用 [1]
[74]
SABISCH J E C， ANAPOLSKY A， LIU G， et al. Evaluation of using pre-lithiated graphite from recycled Li-ion batteries for new LiB anodes［J］. Resources， Conservation and Recycling， 2018， 129： 129-134.
本文引用 [1]
[75]
NATARAJAN S， SHANTHANA L D， BAJAJ H C， et al. Recovery and utilization of graphite and polymer materials from spent lithium-ion batteries for synthesizing polymer-graphite nanocomposite thin films［J］. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering， 2015， 3（4）： 2538-2545.
本文引用 [1]
[76]
YANG J， FAN E， LIN J， et al. Recovery and reuse of anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries via citric acid leaching［J］. ACS Applied Energy Materials， 2021， 4（6）： 6261-6268.
本文引用 [1]
[77]
CHEN Q， HUANG L， LIU J， et al. A new approach to regenerate high-performance graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries［J］. Carbon， 2022， 189： 293-304.
本文引用 [3]
[78]
RUAN D， WU L， WANG F， et al. A low-cost silicon-graphite anode made from recycled graphite of spent lithium-ion batteries［J］. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry， 2021， 884： 115073.
本文引用 [1]
[79]
ZHAO L， LIU X， WAN C， et al. Soluble graphene nanosheets from recycled graphite of spent lithium ion batteries［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance， 2018， 27（2）： 875-880.
本文引用 [1]
[80]
ZHAO Y， WANG H， LI X， et al. Recovery of CuO/C catalyst from spent anode material in battery to activate peroxymonosulfate for refractory organic contaminants degradation［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials， 2021， 420： 126552.
本文引用 [3]
[81]
GENG Z， LIU J， GENG Y， et al. Separation and recovery of graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries for synthesizing micro-expanded sorbents［J］. New Journal of Chemistry， 2022， 46（42）： 20250-20259.
本文引用 [1]

Comments

PDF(2041 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail
Sections
Recommended
Copyright © Journal of Materials Engineering, All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd.

/

〈 〉