Sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention owing to their abundant sodium reserves， cost-effectiveness， and operational principles akin to lithium-ion batteries， exhibiting immense potential for large-scale energy storage applications. The advancement of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities can effectively cater to frequency modulation needs in large-scale energy storage systems. As a pivotal component， the electrolyte in sodium-ion batteries plays a crucial role in electrode/electrolyte interface reactions and significantly influences the fast-charging characteristics of these batteries. This paper delve into the opportunities and challenges associated with fast-charging electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries. Furthermore， we discuss the intimate relationship between the fast-charging performance of sodium-ion batteries and the properties of the electrolyte， focusing on the electrolyte’s transmission characteristics and electrochemical stability. Lastly， we summarize the current development status of fast-charging electrolytes based on various solvent systems and propose a general design strategy. The comprehensive analysis presented in this paper offers valuable insights and guidance for the research and development of sodium-ion batteries with rapid charge-discharge capabilities.

Separator modification represents a prevalent approach to inhibiting lithium dendrite growth and enhancing battery safety. In this study， lithium metal serves as the negative electrode， LiFePO₄ as the cathode， and a graphene coating modified polypropylene separator is employed. Lithium batteries are assembled and undergo rigorous testing， including cycling tests， rate capability tests， electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） measurements， and morphological analysis of the lithium negative electrode before and after cycling. The primary focus is to investigate the influence of positioning the graphene coating towards either the cathode or the negative electrode on battery performance. Cycle performance results indicate that when the graphene coating faces the negative electrode， the battery exhibits an initial discharge-specific capacity of 168 mAh/g at 0.2 C. After enduring 500 cycles， the discharge-specific capacity remains stable at 154 mAh/g， yielding a capacity retention rate of 91.67%. EIS analysis further reveals that the battery with the graphene coating oriented towards the negative electrode exhibits decreased interfacial resistance and improved reaction kinetics. Moreover， the surface of the cycled lithium negative electrode remains smooth and uniform， devoid of significant lithium dendrite formation. Consequently， lithium batteries configured with the graphene coating facing the negative electrode demonstrate superior cycle performance and heightened safety.

With the rapid development of modern technology，there is an increasing demand for energy storage systems that can operate stably in extreme environments，especially in cutting-edge fields such as unmanned aerial vehicles，electric vehicles，and deep-sea exploration. Lithium-ion batteries，due to their high energy density，long life，and lack of memory effect，have become an ideal choice to meet the energy needs in these extreme environments. However，harsh conditions such as extreme temperatures，impacts，and pressures pose serious challenges to the performance and safety of batteries. This article reviews the failure behaviors and mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries in various extreme environments in recent years，focusing on the changes in the internal material structure of the batteries，lithium ion transport，and electrochemical reactions to explore the internal material failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries under various extreme conditions. Finally，the article summarizes the main measures to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries in extreme environments. It is hoped that these studies can guide the design of more durable and efficient lithium-ion batteries in the future，promoting the development of lithium-ion batteries in a wider range of fields.

Sodium iron phosphate （NaFePO₄， NFP）， a cathode material renowned for its stable three-dimensional structure and high theoretical specific capacity of 154 mAh·g^-1， stands out as a pivotal component in sodium ion batteries. NFP exists in two distinct crystal structures： triphylite and maricite. The triphylite variety boasts a long lifespan and high reversible capacity， yet its structural thermodynamic instability poses challenges for conventional synthesis methods. Conversely， the maricite structure is stable but exhibits electrochemically inert characteristics due to the absence of cationic transport channels. Both structures suffer from low conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics， hindering their industrial applications. This paper delves into the characteristics of these two crystal structures and summarizes various synthesis methods， including solid-state， hydrothermal， displacement， and electrospinning， as well as modification techniques such as crystal structure regulation and material surface modification. Additionally， it identifies the key challenges faced by NFP cathodes and presents potential solutions， while also outlining future research directions.

Lithium-ion batteries have been a crucial and indispensable energy storage system in the energy technology. Developing Li-ion batteries with high energy density，extended cycle life，and cost-effectiveness is a central challenge. Silicon material，distinguished by its impressive theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh·g^-1 and low price，has emerged as a promising candidate for negative electrode material. However，its substantial volume expansion，reaching up to 300% during charging and discharging cycles，poses a formidable commercial hurdle. To date，three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials have undergone iterative development. This review focuses on three generations of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials fabricated via the CVD method. The material structure design，experimental methodologies，reaction mechanisms，and material properties are analyzed. The strengths and weaknesses of these three generations of preparation techniques are summarized，and insights into the future direction of silicon-carbon negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries are provided.

In recent years，sodium-ion batteries have become a research hotspot in the world and are gradually moving toward industrialization. However，they still have shortcomings，including phase transition，structural degradation，and voltage plateau. Therefore，the development of positive electrode materials with better performance plays a crucial role in the capacity and energy density of sodium-ion batteries. This paper meticulously introduces three primary categories of positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries： transition metal oxides，polyanions，and Prussian blue. It elucidates the unique advantages of each material in diverse applications，acknowledges their inherent limitations，and presents a range of improvement strategies to address the challenges of low capacity and energy density. Additionally，by examining the investment trends and industrial layouts of sodium-ion battery positive electrode materials，this study analyzes the industrialization pathways and current development statuses of these three systems，summarizing the latest research advancements. Therefore，it is anticipated that with the ongoing maturation of theoretical foundations and industrial advancements，sodium-ion batteries will rapidly develop，and gradually integrate into daily life.

Lithium-ion batteries quickly occupy the absolute leading position in the secondary battery market because of their high energy density and long cycling life. However，battery thermal runaway frequently causes fire accidents，so battery safety research is of great importance and urgency. Separator as one of the key components of the lithium-ion battery plays a crucial role in the safe operation of the battery. The development of high temperature resistant separators with excellent properties，such as high mechanical strength，low thermal shrinkage，and good self-extinguishing，can significantly enhance the safety of batteries at high temperatures. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in the development of high-temperature resistant separators for lithium-ion batteries，including the modification of commercial polyolefin separators and the structural and performance studies of three common high-temperature resistant separators （polyacrylonitrile，polyvinylidene fluoride，and aramid fiber）. The characteristics parameters of separators，such as thickness，porosity，ionic conductivity，and thermal shrinkage，are summarized. Finally，the future development direction and opportunities of high-temperature resistant separators are prospected.

As new energy vehicles proliferate and energy storage systems scale up， lithium-ion batteries confront market risks stemming from resource scarcity and price volatility. In this context， sodium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising alternative， leveraging their abundant resources to potentially complement lithium-ion batteries in large-scale electrochemical energy storage and low-speed electric vehicles. Despite the rapid surge in sodium-ion battery research and the onset of commercialization initiatives globally， several market and technological prerequisites persist， posing challenges compared to the well-established lithium-ion battery system. This article provides a concise overview of sodium-ion batteries from a commercialization perspective， tracing their development history and current industry standing. It delves into the core positive and negative electrode materials， costs， and application prospects within the existing sodium storage electrode material systems. Additionally， the article presents a forward-looking analysis of future opportunities and challenges， aiming to guide further advancements in the sodium-ion battery industry.

With the increasing demand for energy storage， higher requirements have been put forward for the cycle life， capacity， working stability， and rate performances in batteries. Lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） are favoured for their excellent electrochemical performance and broad development prospects and have been widely applied in mobile devices， electric vehicles， and other fields. However， the bottleneck factors such as life decay and high cost have hindered the further promotion and application of LIBs. This article reviews the main factors affecting the cycle life decay of LIBs， including damage and gas production of positive electrode materials， as well as the consumption of active lithium caused by the repair of negative electrode solid electrolyte interface （SEI） membrane and the formation of lithium dendrites. Effective ways for scientific researchers to improve the life properties of LIBs in recent years， including the structural design of negative electrode materials and the control of SEI film stability， as well as ion doping and surface coating of positive electrode materials， are also summarized. Finally， the future development trends in this field from three aspects， such as multi-element doping， uniform coating new technology， and stable SEI film control are proposed based on the bottleneck issues in the development of lithium-ion batteries.

With the development of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， the energy density of traditional lithium-ion batteries is approaching their theoretical limit. The research on lithium metal batteries with high energy density has been re-focused. However， the high reactivity of lithium increases safety risks and reduces energy density when excess lithium is used. Anode-free lithium metal batteries （AF-LMBs） have emerged as a solution. AF-LMBs possess high energy density and the lowest redox potential. But they have poor cycle life， limited active materials， and complex interfacial reactions. Improving the cycle stability of AF-LMBs is key to realizing the application of high-energy-density storage systems.This paper reviews the development of AF-LMBs and analyzes in depth the current challenges they face from four aspects： lithium dendrites， electrolyte stability， solid electrolyte interface （SEI）， and current collectors. These factors together affect the cycle stability， safety， and energy density of AF-LMBs. Finally， it is pointed out that the future research directions should focus on optimizing electrolyte formulations， designing artificial SEI layers， and improving current collector materials and structures. Meanwhile， paying attention to the volumetric energy density of batteries to meet the demand for compact and efficient energy storage systems in practical applications， thereby promoting the commercialization of AF-LMBs.

Different crystal forms of manganese dioxide （MnO₂） are synthesized using KMnO₄， MnSO₄·H₂O， （NH4）₂S₂O₈， and hydrochloric acid as raw materials by precisely controlling the temperature and duration of a hydrothermal reaction. The structure and morphology of the materials are characterized using XRD， SEM， and TEM. The results show that the synthesized MnO₂ nanoparticles display different microscopic morphologies depending on their crystal forms. A comparison of their electrochemical performances indicates that δ-MnO₂， due to its unique flower-like structure， provides many reaction sites， leading to superior performance compared to other crystal forms of manganese dioxide. At a current density of 2 A/g， δ-MnO₂ achieves a capacity of 623.48 mAh/g after 1400 cycles. The kinetic properties of the MnO₂ electrode are investigated using cyclic voltammetry， electrochemical impedance spectroscopy， and constant current intermittent titration techniques. It reveals that δ-MnO₂ exhibits a higher Li⁺ diffusion rate.

In recent years， with the proposed goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”， the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles has led to a soaring demand for lithium ion batteries （LIBs）. However， the widespread use of LIBs inevitably results in a sharp increase in the number of retired batteries， making the efficient recycling and reuse of these waste batteries an urgent issue. LIBs are categorized into four main types： ternary lithium ion batteries， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries， lithium cobalt oxide lithium ion batteries， and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion batteries. Among them， lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries stand out for their extensive applications and high recycling potential. Currently， the recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries primarily focuses on the recovery of valuable elements from cathode materials， high-value reuse of materials， and the recycling and functional development of anode materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the recycling and reuse of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials， highlighting processes such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery， the regeneration of cathode materials and their innovative applications in catalysts， as well as the reprocessing of waste anode graphite and the preparation of graphite-based functional materials. Finally， combined with the current technical level， the recycling and utilization of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials are summarized， and it is pointed out that the future direction of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials recycling should highlight the trend of optimization classification and recycling strategy， innovative recycling technology， comprehensive recycling， in-depth research on recycling mechanism， and optimization of electrode material design. At the same time， the challenges of future recycling technology are complex battery composition， irregular battery shape， electrolyte processing problems， and low recovery rate.

Two metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， Ce-UiO-66， and Zr-UiO-66， are synthesized using cerium ammonium nitrate （Ce（NH₄）₂（NO₃）₆） and zirconium tetrachloride （ZrCl₄） as metal salts， and 1，4-benzenedicarboxylic acid （H₂BDC） as the organic linker. The crystal structure and morphology of the MOFs are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The MOFs-modified functional separators are prepared by loading Ce-UiO-66 and Zr-UiO-66 onto one side of commercial Celgard PP separators via vacuum filtration. The electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries is assembled and tested. The results show that the Ce-UiO-66 modified separator batteries demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance. At a rate of 0.2 C， the initial discharge capacity reaches 1047 mAh·g^-1， with a capacity retention rate of 77.5% after 200 cycles and Coulombic efficiency approaching 100%. Under various current rates， the Ce-UiO-66 modified cells deliver discharge capacities of 1281， 945， 768.1， 673.2， 604.7 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1， 0.2， 0.5， 1， 2 C， respectively. When returning to 0.1 C， the capacity recovers to 951.6 mAh·g^-1 with a capacity retention rate of 74.3%. The above results demonstrate that the redox-active Ce₆-oxo clusters in Ce-UiO-66 can effectively catalyze the conversion reactions of lithium polysulfides （LiPSs） and enhance the redox kinetics. Furthermore， Ce-UiO-66 possesses abundant defects and unsaturated coordination sites， which can effectively anchor LiPSs， mitigate the shuttle effect， and further enhance the electrochemical performance of batteries.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries （AZIBs） have emerged as a highly competitive and promising new energy storage technology due to their high safety， high theoretical specific capacity， low cost， and simple fabrication process. In recent years， vanadium-based oxide materials have been widely used as cathode materials for AZIBs due to their high theoretical capacity， diverse valence states， and high electrochemical activity. However， challenges such as low electronic conductivity， structural instability， slow kinetics， and complex energy storage mechanisms hinder their further development and application in AZIBs. Recently， with the continuous optimization of electrode materials and the in-depth exploration of electrode reaction mechanisms， researchers discover that defect engineering strategies can effectively address these issues and enhance the electrochemical performance of vanadium-based oxide cathode materials. This review summarizes the zinc storage mechanisms of vanadium-based oxides， explores the research progress of applying defect engineering strategies to vanadium-based oxide cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries， discusses and summarizes the reasons for the improvement in zinc storage performance， and provides prospects for future research directions in defect engineering. The aim is to promote the development and practical application of high-performance zinc-ion batteries.

Prussian blue analogous compounds （PBAs） have emerged as promising candidates for cathode materials in next-generation sodium-ion batteries （SIBs）， attributed to their inherent thermodynamic stability， expansive ion intercalation/deintercalation pathways， abundant electrochemically active sites， as well as their adjustable chemical compositions and elemental ratios. However， the electrochemical performance of these materials is frequently compromised by crystal defects and high levels of crystalline and interstitial water content. This review delves into the structure of PBAs， categorizing them from both single-electron and two-electron perspectives. It examines the prevalent challenges faced by PBAs， systematically reviewing existing typical modification strategies across six dimensions： crystallinity control， defect mitigation， morphology modulation， ion doping/substitution， component optimization， and carbon coating/compositing. Furthermore， it offers insights into the current status of PBAs in transitioning from laboratory research to industrial applications. Looking ahead， this paper anticipates the development of PBAs in the realm of SIBs， expecting them to advance from the laboratory stage to industrialized applications through advancements in materials engineering and surface science.

Lithium fluorocarbon batteries have gained widespread application in areas such as implantable medical devices， military application， sensors， wireless devices， and aerospace due to their high energy density， excellent safety performance， and low self-discharge rates. The performance of lithium fluorocarbon batteries is particularly critical in extending the service life of leadless pacemakers. This article reviews the strategies for enhancing the capacity and voltage of lithium fluorocarbon batteries. The following three aspects are mainly discussed：firstly， the advancement of high specific capacity and high voltage fluorocarbon， involving the optimization of carbon source structure， pre- and post-fluorination treatment， and control of fluorination methods； secondly， the development of high-performance electrolytes， including the use of low concentration lithium salts with solvents processing high donor number， as well as reactive lithium salts and solvents； lastly， the optimization of battery manufacturing processes， particularly focusing on thick electrode and electrolyte injection processes. A comprehensive analysis indicates that by meticulously modulating the structure of carbon sources， optimizing the proportion of fluorocarbon bonds， improving electrolyte formulations， and innovating process technologies， it is possible to develop lithium fluorocarbon batteries with higher capacity and voltage， thereby effectively enhancing the service life of leadless pacemakers.

Zirconia toughened alumina （ZTA） ceramics exhibit excellent mechanical properties compared to single-phase Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ ceramics， demonstrating broader application prospects in high-end industrial fields such as electronics， biomedicine， and semiconductors. This paper reviews the toughening mechanism of ZTA ceramics and summarizes recent research progress， both domestic and international， on three aspects： powder preparation， sintering methods， and the introduction of the third phase. It focuses on analyzing the role of third-phase incorporation in ZTA ceramics through the use of various sintering techniques and processing methods. Finally， it points out that the nano-structuring of powders， fine control of advanced sintering techniques， and exploration of the microstructure through third-phase modulation are key directions for future research.

To promote the large-scale commercial application of fuel cells， efficient， stable， and low-cost oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） catalysts should be developed. In this study， a Fe-doped ZIF-8 is used as the precursor， and the Fe-N-C non-precious metal catalyst is obtained by ball milling， calcination under a high-temperature argon atmosphere， pickling， and secondary calcination under an ammonia atmosphere. The results of various characterization methods show that Fe atoms are uniformly dispersed on the nitrogen-doped carbon framework， thus forming abundant Fe-N _x active sites. The electrochemical performance test results show that the Fe-N-C-5% catalyst with optimized preparation process and metal contents exhibits excellent ORR activity in 0.1 mol/L HClO₄ acidic solution， with a half-wave potential of 0.845 V. Meantime， it has good stability， and the half-wave potential does not drop significantly after 20000 cycles. These results provide an effective strategy for the rational design of precious metal-free ORR catalysts in the future.

Renewable energy plays a crucial role in sustainable development amidst the global energy crisis. Hydrogen， owing to its high calorific value and environmental benignity， emerges as a promising energy source for the future. Hydrogen produced through water splitting boasts high purity， zero pollution during production， and recyclability， thereby holding vast potential. Platinum （Pt） stands out as an exceptional catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction （HER）. While commercial Pt/C exhibits high alkaline HER performance， its high cost， material instability， and scarcity hinder widespread adoption. Consequently， this study focuses on developing a high-performance， low-cost， and less-noble transition metal electrocatalyst for HER via water splitting. Utilizing the thermal decomposition method， the heterostructural RuO₂-NiO/NF electrode can be industrially produced based on heterogeneous interface engineering. Specifically， Ni（OH）₂ and RuO₂·H₂O precursors are applied to a nickel foam （NF） substrate using a binder， followed by heating at 450 ℃ for 3 h in air to facilitate precursor decomposition， thereby successfully preparing RuO₂-NiO/NF heterostructure electrocatalysts. The RuO₂-NiO/NF electrodes exhibit remarkable catalytic activity and stability in alkaline HER. Characterization， testing， and density functional theory （DFT） calculations reveal that the heterostructural interface formed by the binding of RuO₂ and NiO significantly enhances catalyst performance. At the interface， charge transfer results in the creation of dual active sites， enabling selective adsorption of different adsorbates at distinct active sites. This synergistically promotes the fundamental reactions of water splitting， leading to exceptional alkaline HER catalyst performance. Under a current density of 10 mA·cm^-2 in 1 mol·L^-1 KOH solution， an overpotential of 52 mV and a Tafel slope of 47.5 mV·dec^-1 are achieved. Additionally， the turnover frequency （TOF） at 100 mV reaches 0.342 s^-1， and a stable potential is maintained at a current density of 200 mA·cm^-2 after 100 h of stability testing. In summary， a heterostructure RuO₂-NiO/NF electrocatalyst has been successfully developed based on interface engineering principles， with a comprehensive investigation of its HER catalytic mechanism. This provides a novel perspective for constructing heterostructure catalysts based on Ni compounds and their application in electrocatalysis.

In light of the “rich coal，poor oil，and scarce gas” resource status in China，developing carbon electrode materials from coal can accelerate the transformation of clean and efficient utilization of coal and the realization of “dual carbon” goals. Herein，the porous carbon is synthesized from Shenmu bituminous coal via a one-step KOH activation strategy. The results indicate that the resultant carbon possesses a hierarchical porous structure with a surface area of 2094.5 m²·g^-1 and pore volume of 0.96 cm³·g^-1，abundant graphitized microcrystals，N/O co-doping，and excellent hydrophilicity. By employing as-fabricated carbon as cathode，2 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄ aqueous solution as electrolyte，and Zn foil as anode，the assembled coin-type Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors （ZIHSCs） exhibit a high capacity of 178.7 mAh·g^-1 at 0.1 A·g^-1 and retain 89.2 mAh·g^-1 by enlarging the current density 200 times to 20 A·g^-1，manifesting an eminent rate performance. Importantly，the maximum energy density and power density of ZIHSCs can reach 142 Wh·kg^-1 and 16854.9 W·kg^-1，respectively. Furthermore，the quasi-solid ZIHSCs based on the gel electrolyte of gelatin@ZnSO₄ also deliver outstanding electrochemical capability and excellent flexibility.

Radiation thermal protection coating based on rigid ceramic fiber insulation tile is a thermal protection system widely used in spacecraft， and improving its reusable performance such as emissivity， impact resistance， and thermal shock resistance has always been a research focus. This article reviews the research progress on the structural design and material improvement of radiation thermal protective coatings for rigid ceramic fiber insulation tiles under the background of diversified performance optimization. The structural design approach and composition adjustment ideas of radiation thermal protective coatings are analyzed， from single-layer dense structure to multi-layer gradient structure and scaly structure，and the advantages and existing problems of radiant thermal protection coatings with different structures are summarized. Finally， it is pointed out that multilayer gradient structure coatings， due to their comprehensive advantages of dense top layer and porous gradient structures and their adjustability， are still the mainstream of current research. In the future， radiant thermal protection coatings should further optimize the integrated design of thermal insulation， and conduct research on the impact of structure and composition on performance in service simulation environments.

MXene， as a new class of two-dimensional（2D）materials， has garnered extensive research interest due to its excellent electrical conductivity， efficient photo-thermal conversion ability， and rich terminal functional groups. However， the susceptibility of MXene to oxidation and its relatively weak mechanical properties have limited its widespread use in various application fields. MXene-based shape memory composites not only enhance the anti-oxidation and mechanical properties of MXene but also endow the material with intelligent response characteristics in macroscopic 3D structures. These properties open new avenues for MXene applications in information transmission， energy conversion， electromagnetic shielding， and fire safety protection. This study aims to review the research progress in MXene-based shape memory composites comprehensively and deeply analyzes their preparation methods， shape memory mechanisms， and application potential， offering valuable references for further research and development， and application of these composites. Meanwhile， the future direction of MXene-based shape memory composites in terms of efficient preparation， performance optimisation， multifunctional development， and their potential stability enhancement and commercialisation challenges are analysed to effectively promote technological advancement and innovation in this field.

The oxidation kinetics and microstructure of S30815 heat resistant stainless steel， both in its base material and welded joint， are analyzed at different service temperatures by the constant temperature oxidation method. High temperature oxidation kinetic curves are obtained by the mass gain method. The morphology， composition， and microstructure of the oxide films are studied by using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）， and X-ray diffraction （XRD）， respectively. The results show that under constant temperature oxidation conditions at 780 ℃， there is less mass gain and a relatively lower oxidation rate. The oxidation products are mainly Cr₂O₃， Fe₂O₃， and Fe₃Mn₃O₈， exhibit sheet， strip， and polyhedron shapes. At 880 ℃， the mass gain and the oxidation rate significantly increase. The oxidation product at this temperature comprises a mixed oxide of Cr₂O₃， Fe₃O₄， MnFe₂O₄， and Ni （Cr₂O₄）， which is mainly in thin strips and sheets. The oxidation kinetics curves of S30815 follow a parabolic rule. With the increase of oxidation time， the oxidation rate gradually decreases and eventually tends to be stable， showing a good oxidation resistance at high temperature. A larger amount of dense Cr₂O₃ oxide film is generated on the surface of the welded joint， exhibiting a lower average oxidation rate and better oxidation resistance compared to the base material.

Fluorinated and cyanosubstituted lithium sulfonimide （LiFBTFSI and LiCBTFSI） are synthesized from 4-fluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride and 4-cyanobenzene sulfonyl chloride by sulfonylation and ion exchange， respectively. Two PEO based polymer electrolytes （PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI and PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI） are prepared by solution casting， and their micromorphology， thermal stability and electrochemical properties are characterized. The results show that at 60 ℃ and EO/Li⁺=20， the ionic conductivity of the two solid electrolyte reaches 10^-4 S/cm， the electrochemical stability window is greater than 5 V， and the battery assembled with lithium iron phosphate has a high initial discharge capacity （0.1 C， ≈150 mAh·g^-1）. Compared with the fluorine PEO₂₀-LiFBTFSI solid electrolyte， the cyan-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has better electrochemical stability and interface compatibility. After 50 cycles， the specific discharge capacity of the battery is 137.4 mAh·g^-1， and the capacity retention rate is 93.0%. In addition， the cyano-containing PEO₂₀-LiCBTFSI solid electrolyte has good electrochemical stability with lithium metal， and the assembled lithium symmetric battery operates stably at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm² for 500 h without short circuit.

Lithium-based batteries （LBBs） are widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles， serving as a pivotal component in both current and emerging energy storage technologies. Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered as the ideal choice for the next generation of high-energy density batteries due to their high energy density （2600 Wh·kg^-1）. Due to the unique long chain structure and high adhesion force of polymer materials， it shows excellent performance advantages in the application of lithium-sulfur battery binder. This paper reviews the latest research progress and application prospect of polymer materials in improving the safety and stability of lithium batteries. The application of polymer materials in modified separators， solid state electrolytes， binders and flame retardants for LBBs is mainly discussed. In addition， the inhibition ability and mechanism of polymer artificial solid state electrolyte interface film and solid state electrolyte on dendrite growth are introduced， and the flame retardant property of polymer and its mechanism as solid state electrolyte are pointed out. Finally， based on the excellent plasticity and chemical controllability of polymers， the potential of high ionic conductivity and interface stability achieved by molecular design in LBBs energy storage is prospected.

In view of the microstructure damage and property degradation of directionally solidified DSM11 service turbine blades， it is urgent to study the partial-solution rejuvenation heat treatment. In this study， the effects of different recovery heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of DSM11 superalloy are studied by using alloys after thermal exposure at 980 ℃ for 500 h with reference to the microstructure of DSM11 blade in real service condition. The results show that bimodal microstructures of 23% secondary γ' phase with the size of approximately 270 nm and 17% coarse degraded γ' phase can be obtained by 1180 ℃/2 h solution combined with 1120 ℃/2 h/AC+850 ℃/24 h/AC recovery heat treatment. Meanwhile， the M ₂₃C₆ carbides at the grain boundary， which are formed during the thermal exposure， are also dissolved. And γ' films on the grain boundary are also partially dissolved. Although the M ₂₃C₆ carbides at the grain boundary can also be dissolved by direct aging at 1120 ℃ without solution heat treatment， the γ' film on the grain boundary changes slightly. The size and volume fraction of the secondary γ' phase are closely related to the solution temperature and the cooling rate after the solution. The secondary γ' phase size obtained by furnace cooling is larger than that obtained by air cooling. The secondary γ' phase obtained at 1160 ℃ solution treatment is completely dissolved in the subsequent aging process and will not be retained in the final. After 1180 ℃/2 h/AC+1120 ℃/2 h/AC+850 ℃/24 h/AC rejuvenation heat treatment， the creep life of degraded DSM11 superalloy is recovered from 18 h to 24 h， which is about 86% of that in standard heat treatment. A certain amount of the reprecipitated secondary γ' phases play an important role in the recovery of mechanical properties.

Ultrathin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel sheets are produced by both one-stage and two-stage cold-rolling processes.The effects of rolling and annealing on the evolution of microstructure， texture， mechanical， and magnetic properties are investigated. It is found that the microstructure resulting from one-stage cold-rolling primarily comprised fibrous deformation structures， resulting in refined grain size after final recrystallization. Notably， the ｛001｝〈110〉 and ｛223｝〈110〉 textures persisted in the low-temperature recrystallized state，which is inherited from cold-rolled sheets. Conversely， during high-temperature annealing， a notable texture transformation occurs， with the α* and γ textures emerging as the dominant features. The two-stage cold-rolling method promotes the formation of shear bands， leading to a larger grain size in the final annealed structure. These shear bands served as crucial nucleation sites for Goss grains， thereby facilitating the development of Goss texture during the annealing process. Furthermore， the ｛001｝〈110〉 texture aligned along the λ orientation line towards the ｛001｝〈010〉 texture， accompanied by a gradual decrease in the intensity of the γ texture. As the annealing temperature increases， the iron loss initially decreases rapidly and slowly， whereas the magnetic induction intensity initially rises before stabilizing. Compared with the one-stage cold-rolling method， the ultrathin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel prepared by the two-stage cold-rolling method has lower iron loss and higher magnetic induction intensity. This superior performance can be attributed to the formation of shear bands， which enhance the formation of favorable Goss and Cube textures， the suppression of detrimental γ texture， and the attainment of a larger recrystallized grain size.With increasing the annealing temperature， the yield strength of both the one-stage and two-stage cold-rolling annealed sheets initially decreases dramatically before trending to be stabilized. The yield strength of ultra-thin non-oriented silicon steel produced by the one-stage cold-rolling method is higher than that produced by two-stage cold-rolling. The optimal comprehensive properties （both mechanical and magnetic properties） are achieved through a two-stage cold-rolling process followed by annealing at 800 ℃， which yields a mid/high frequency-iron loss P _10/400 of 12.34 W/kg， P of 36.12 W/kg， a magnetic induction intensity B ₅₀ of 1.71 T and a yield strength of 389 MPa.

The oxidation behavior of SiC_f/SiC composites， fabricated through the melt infiltration process， is meticulously investigated in a water vapor corrosion environment. The findings reveal that after exposure to water vapor corrosion at 800 ℃ and 1200 ℃ for 400 h， the flexural strength retention of uncoated samples is 78.8% and 74.9% respectively， whereas coated samples maintain flexural strengths of 95.9% and 93.0% respectively. The application of environmental barrier coatings effectively shield the material from direct contact with the corrosive water vapor medium， thereby mitigating the substantial decline in mechanical properties of the SiC_f/SiC composites. Notably， the oxidation of the BN interfacial layer emerge as the primary factor contributing to the deterioration of the mechanical properties. Specifically， uncoated samples exhibit partial disappearance of the interfacial layer and the formation of holes between the fibers and the matrix after 400 h of corrosion at 1200 ℃， thereby compromising the protective role of the interface. Simultaneously， parts of the interface layer continue to bond the fiber and the matrix. The interplay between the oxidation of the BN interfacial layer and the SiC matrix is identified as the main cause for the decline in the mechanical properties of the SiCf/SiC composites.

NiCoCrAlYSiHf coatings are deposited on the DSM11 Ni-based superalloy substrate using arc ion plating （AIP） technology， followed by complete removal of the coatings through a chemical method. The effects of coating removal and subsequent recoating on the mechanical properties of the substrate alloy are evaluated through high-temperature creep， instantaneous tensile tests， and other mechanical testing. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） is employed to observe and analyze the cross-sectional morphology of the substrate before and after coating removal.Results show that solution 1^# effectively removes the NiCoCrAlYSiHf coating， with a mass loss of 0.1078 g after 180 minutes， achieving near-complete coating removal. After complete coating removal， the coating/substrate alloy interface and the microstructural morphology of the substrate alloy remain essentially unchanged from the original state， indicating that the removal process has no impact on the substrate alloy. During coating degradation， the coating layers detach progressively， and the mass loss of the coating correlates with reaction time， confirming this observation. Test results show that the NiCoCrAlYSiHf coating has no significant impact on the mechanical properties of the DSM11 alloy， and the coating removal has minimal effect on the high-temperature creep and instantaneous tensile performance of the substrate alloy.

High volume fraction SiC_p/Al composites characterized by high modulus and low expansion have great application potential in the field of aerospace precision instruments. In this application scenario， it is necessary to deepen the study of the dimensional stability of the materials and further improve the precision stability of components. Three kinds of SiC particle-reinforced high volume （55%） aluminum matrix composites with the average particle size （D ₅₀） of 14， 76 μm， and gradation of 14 μm and 76 μm are treated with different dimensional stabilization treatments， such as the solid solution aging， the thermal-cold cycling treatment with different temperature parameters after the solid solution， the thermal-cold cycling treatment， etc. After the treatment， the dimensional stability of the samples is tested with the control samples for five times at a low temperature of 180 ℃ thermal loading environment. The results show that compared with the 14 μm particle-reinforced samples， the 76 μm particle-reinforced samples and the gradation of 14 μm and 76 μm particle-reinforced samples show better dimensional stability， the size change rate （dV/V） of the control samples can be stabilized at about 1×10^-3. Among the five dimensional stabilization treatment regimes， the effect of -196-191 ℃ （4 times） thermal-cold cycling treatment after the solid solution is the most significant， the size change rate （dV/V） of the samples after this treatment can be stabilized at 10^-4 orders of magnitude. According to the comparison of X-ray diffraction patterns， the thermal-cold cycling treatment after the solid solution can promote the precipitation of the strengthening phase of Al₂Cu significantly.

A medium carbon alloy steel 40Cr3Mn3Ni3Si2Mo is designed and prepared， and tempering is carried out after hot rolling， hot rolling plus refrigerating treatment， as well as quenching plus refrigerating treatment respectively. Microstructural characterization and properties testing are conducted on the heat-treated samples to investigate microstructural evolution. The relationship between processing， microstructures and mechanical properties is established， and the mechanism of strengthening and toughening is illuminated. Consequently， the principles for composition design and process optimization of quenching and partitioning （Q&P） typed ultra-high strength steels with high strength and plasticity are figured out. The results show that multiphase microstructures of tempered martensite and carbon-enriched austenite are achieved through tempering on the hot-rolled testing steel， while its strength fails to reach the level of ultra-high strength steels due to high volume fraction of retained austenite. The match of strength and ductility of the hot-rolled testing steel increases significantly through low temperature tempering after refrigerating treatment because of the improved phase proportion and distribution. When the testing steel is refrigerating treated and tempered instantly after oil quenching to weaken the effect of austenite stabilization， more excellent comprehensive properties are achieved with 1506 MPa in yield strength， 1895 MPa in ultimate tensile strength and 16.7% in elongation. Moreover， a feasible approach to increase the strength and plasticity of 1800-1900 MPa graded ultra-high strength steels is proposed： through controlling the martensitic phase transformation kinetics by alloying design and process optimization， austenite of about 20% in volume fraction is retained within martensite after incomplete quenching， its stability is reinforced by tempering assistant partitioning. Thus， the elongation increases to 15%-18%， with the yield strength lowered slightly to 1400-1600 MPa.

<正>运载装备作为国民经济与国防建设的核心载体，其制造水平直接关乎国家竞争力，是国防实力、综合国力和科技水平的体现。运载装备轻量化、高可靠性、长寿命的发展趋势，对高性能成形制造的需求日益迫切，运载装备高性能成形制造技术是“制造强国”国家战略的一个重点发展方向。从传统锻造、铸造发展到现代精准塑性成形、一体化压铸、增材制造（3D打印）等，高性能成形制造技术不断突破工艺边界，为运载装备的复杂结构设计、高性能材料应用以及全生命周期效能优化提供了解决办法。武汉理工大学运载装备高性能制造团队依托国家重点研发计划项目、国家自然科学基金重点项目、教育部创新团队发展计划等重要科研项目支持，发展了运载装备关键构件高性能塑性成形理论、技术与装备，研究成果在我国工业和国防领域得到广泛应用，并获得国家技术发明奖和国家科技进步奖，促进我国高性能成形制造技术装备自主创新发展。目前，运载装备高性能成形制造技术领域仍面临诸多挑战：极端服役环境对材料成形极限的考验、多尺度结构制造精度的控制、绿色低碳工艺的转型需求，以及数字化与智能化技术的深度融合等，亟待学术界与工业界协同攻关。“运载装备高性能成形制造技术”专栏，聚焦前沿技术探索、工艺创新实践与产业转化路径，旨在搭建学术研究与工程应用的桥梁。

The 18Ni350 maraging steel（M350） straight-wall component is fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing（WAAM） process. By employing direct aging heat treatment， the microstructure and mechanical properties of M350 are controlled. The effect of different aging conditions （aging temperature and aging time） on the microstructure and performance of M350 is studied. The results show that the solidification microstructure of M350 fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing consists of columnar dendrites and cellular dendrites， with segregation of Ni， Mo， and Ti elements observed in the interdendritic regions.During the direct aging process， a reverse transformation occurs in the interdendrite region where Ni， Mo， and Ti elements segregate，leading to the conversion of martensite phase to austenite phase. With the increase of aging temperature and aging time， the size and quantity of reversed austenite increase. The microhardness， yield strength （YS）， and ultimate tensile strength （UTS） first increase and then decrease. The peak microhardness （534HV）， YS （1600 MPa）， and UTS （1658 MPa） are achieved at 530 ℃ aging for 3 h. At the same time， the elongation after fracture remains a value above 13%. In addition， the M350 fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing demonstrates mechanical anisotropy， with the anisotropy difference peaking under the optimal aging conditions， exhibiting a YS difference of 360 MPa and a UTS difference of 287 MPa.

As-deposited parts of 2024 aluminum alloy are fabricated by cold metal transfer and pulse （CMT+P） hybrid wire arc additive manufacturing. The distributions of pore defects， grain morphology， and secondary phase precipitation of CMT+P wire arc additive manufacturing 2024 aluminum alloy， and the influence of different process parameters on pore defects， grain morphology and secondary phase precipitation， and corrosion resistance are investigated. The results show that the pores of the as-deposited parts of 2024 aluminum alloy are mainly distributed near the fusion line. In the same heat input， the larger wire feed speed and travel speed result in higher porosity. In a deposition layer， the upper part is the equiaxed grain without preferred orientation， and the lower part is the columnar grain with preferred orientation. In the same heat input， the texture is weakened and the percentage of equiaxed grains is increased due to the fine grain region in the higher wire feed speed and travel speed. The precipitated secondary phases are mainly Al₂CuMg， Al₂Cu， and rich-Fe， Mn phases. The secondary phases distribute continuously along the grain boundaries. In the early stage of corrosion， the main factor affecting the corrosion resistance of as-deposited parts is the precipitation amount of Al₂CuMg. The better local corrosion resistance is mainly caused by lower Al₂CuMg phase fraction in lower wire feed speed and travel speed.

Multi-wire arc additive manufacturing technology has the advantages of low cost and high efficiency， especially high flexibility in composition design and regulation， and has become the mainstream technology for the preparation of large-scale complex metal structural parts. Multiple wires （same or different） are fed at the same time to realize in-situ alloying in the molten pool. This method provides a feasible path for the preparation of advanced metal materials with complex compositions. This paper discusses the research progress of multi-wire arc additive manufacturing in the preparation of traditional materials such as high-performance titanium alloys， aluminum alloys， and stainless steels， as well as advanced metal materials such as functionally graded materials， high-entropy alloys， and intermetallic compounds. The problems of uneven microstructure， anisotropy of mechanical properties and insufficient forming accuracy of multi-wire arc additive manufacturing components are discussed. The development directions of multi-wire arc additive manufacturing process window， multi-process coupling， and forming process monitoring and control system are proposed， which provide a theoretical basis for the improvement and development of the multi-wire arc additive manufacturing process.

A photocatalyst g-C₃N _x @CN with defective carbon nitride （g-C₃N _x ） encapsulated by CN shells is prepared by in-situ growth and high-temperature dezincification. The structural， morphological， and compositional characterization of g-C₃N _x @CN has been analyzed and characterized by various analytical means. First， g-C₃N _x with nitrogen defects is prepared by high-temperature polycondensation of melamine and high-temperature denitration of Mg powder， followed by in-situ growth of ZIF-8 by loading ZnO nanoparticles. Finally， g-C₃N _x @ZIF-8 is dezincified at high temperature， and the CN shell-encapsulated visible light catalyst material g-C₃N _x @CN with double defects （N， Zn） with ZIF-8 is prepared. The study demonstrates that the g-C₃N _x @CN catalyst exhibits strong visible photocatalytic activity and effectively degrades methylene blue and 2，4-dichlorophenol within 240 min， with the best performance of the g-C₃N _x @CN-5∶4 composite. The single linear oxygen （1O₂） plays a dominant role in the reaction system. In the cycle test， the g-C₃N _x @CN shows excellent recycling and light stability. This study extends the study of defective carbon nitride materials in visible light absorption and provides a viable method for the derivation of metal catalysts to inorganic non-metal catalysts.

The selective laser melted （SLM） GH4169 superalloy has a significant directional columnar dendritic solidification microstructure， which can cause severe mechanical property anisotropy and increase service risk. The GH4169 superalloy prepared by laser selective melting （SLM） technology is taken as the research object， and two different heat treatment processes are designed： hot isostatic pressing+standard solid solution+double aging and hot isostatic pressing+homogenization heat treatment+standard solid solution+double aging for post-heat treatment of the prepared alloy. The effect of two heat treatment processes on the anisotropy of microstructure and high-temperature tensile properties of GH4169 superalloy prepared by laser selective melting is investigated. The results show that the homogenization heat treatment eliminates the Laves phase， and the columnar crystal structure of the as-built GH4169 alloy transforms into an equiaxed crystal structure. The high-temperature tensile results show that the high-temperature tensile strength ratio and plasticity ratio of GH4169 alloy in the transverse and longitudinal directions without homogenization treatment are 1.10（1145/1040） and 0.83（10.2/12.2）， respectively. The high-temperature tensile strength ratio and plasticity ratio of GH4169 alloy in the transverse and longitudinal directions after homogenization heat treatment are 1.00（1041/1038） and 1.00（8.6/8.6）， respectively. The anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4169 alloy prepared by laser selective melting is eliminated.

The enrichment of nitrate pollutants in water will bring great harm to ecology and seriously threaten human life and health. It is significant to study the electrocatalytic materials of high efficiency electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia for ecological protection and formation of the nitrogen cycle. In this study， a self-supporting dendritic Cu/CF （D-Cu/CF） electrode is deposited on the copper foam （CF） skeleton by the hydrogen bubble dynamic template （DHBT）. The orientation tip of the three-dimensional dendrite structure greatly increases the number of active sites and intrinsic activity when it is used in synthesizing ammonia by nitrate electroreduction. The effects of deposition time and different potentials on electrochemical performance are investigated. Under the optimum conditions， D-Cu/CF electrode shows an ammonia production rate of 0.379 mmol·h^-1·cm^-2 and a Faraday efficiency of 92.8%. The ammonia production rate is stable and the Faraday efficiency is above 90% after 6 cycles of nitrate electroreduction. Furthermore， the D-Cu/CF electrocatalyst exhibits good electroreduction performance in the actual water sample test， showing great potential practical application value.

The sulfonated branched polybenzimidazole （sb-PBI） membranes with theoretical sulfonation degrees of 30%，40%，50%，and 60% are prepared by reacting between synthesized branched polybenzimidazole and 1，4-butane sultone for application in all-vanadium flow battery （VFB）. Among them，the sb-PBI-50 membrane shows excellent vanadium ion resistance （9.34×10^-9 cm²/min），proton conductivity （2.05×10^-2 S/cm），and selectivity （2.20×10⁶ S·min/cm³）. The coulomb efficiencies （96.26%-98.35%），voltage efficiencies （73.50%-90.19%），and energy efficiencies （71.72%-86.82%） of VFB with sb-PBI-50 membrane are higher than those of commercial Nafion 212 membrane under the current density of 80-280 mA/cm². In addition，the VFB assembled with sb-PBI-50 membrane can stably carry out 1170 charge-discharge cycles at 140 mA/cm². The chemical structure and micro-morphologies can remain stable after long-term cycles，indicating that the sb-PBI-50 membrane has good application potential in VFB.

The excellent comprehensive high-temperature performance of Ti₂AlNb alloy makes it a potential substitute for some nickel-based alloys， serving as a key structural material for weight reduction in aviation engines. In response to the lightweight design requirements of future high-performance aviation engines， a combination of statistical comparison， control experiments， finite element simulation analysis， and other methods are used to analyse the material properties， alloy cold/hot processing performance， weight reduction benefits， etc. The advantages， potential， and remaining issues of the alloy’s application in aviation engines are discussed. The analysis results indicate the feasibility of using Ti₂AlNb alloy in aviation engines， with significant advantages in weight reduction： the alloy achieves a good balance of strength， toughness， and plasticity without obvious shortcomings； it has acceptable cold and hot processing performance， and can obtain engineering-sized parts through deformation， casting， and other methods； its combustion resistance is superior to traditional titanium alloys； when applied to static components such as casings， it can achieve a weight reduction of 35.3% compared to high-temperature alloys， and when applied to integral blade/disks and rotor components， it can achieve a weight reduction of 37.3% compared to nickel-based high-temperature alloys.