Research progress in materials and technology of lithium fluorocarbon battery for leadless pacemaker

Qiang ZHOU, Kunshan YUAN, Yanwei ZHAO, Haijun ZHANG

PDF(2829 KB)
PDF(2829 KB)
Journal of Materials Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (7) : 142-152. DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000685
REVIEW

Research progress in materials and technology of lithium fluorocarbon battery for leadless pacemaker

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Lithium fluorocarbon batteries have gained widespread application in areas such as implantable medical devices， military application， sensors， wireless devices， and aerospace due to their high energy density， excellent safety performance， and low self-discharge rates. The performance of lithium fluorocarbon batteries is particularly critical in extending the service life of leadless pacemakers. This article reviews the strategies for enhancing the capacity and voltage of lithium fluorocarbon batteries. The following three aspects are mainly discussed：firstly， the advancement of high specific capacity and high voltage fluorocarbon， involving the optimization of carbon source structure， pre- and post-fluorination treatment， and control of fluorination methods； secondly， the development of high-performance electrolytes， including the use of low concentration lithium salts with solvents processing high donor number， as well as reactive lithium salts and solvents； lastly， the optimization of battery manufacturing processes， particularly focusing on thick electrode and electrolyte injection processes. A comprehensive analysis indicates that by meticulously modulating the structure of carbon sources， optimizing the proportion of fluorocarbon bonds， improving electrolyte formulations， and innovating process technologies， it is possible to develop lithium fluorocarbon batteries with higher capacity and voltage， thereby effectively enhancing the service life of leadless pacemakers.

Key words

leadless pacemaker / fluorinated carbon / high capacity / high voltage / electrolyte

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations
Qiang ZHOU , Kunshan YUAN , Yanwei ZHAO , et al. Research progress in materials and technology of lithium fluorocarbon battery for leadless pacemaker. Journal of Materials Engineering. 2025, 53(7): 142-152 https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000685

References

List( Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within ) Chart analysis
[1]
MATSUO Y， INAMOTO J， YAMAMOTO H， et al. Discharge characteristic of fluorinated graphene-like graphite as a cathode of lithium primary battery［J］. Electrochemistry，2020，88（5）：437-440.
本文引用 [1]
[2]
ZHANG T， LI Z， HOU W， et al. Nanomaterials for implantable batteries to power cardiac devices［J］. Materials Today Nano， 2020， 9： 100070.
本文引用 [1]
[3]
LI P， LI X， GUO Y， et al. Highly thermally/electrochemically stable I-/I3- bonded organic salts with high I content for long-life Li-I2 batteries［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2022， 12（15）： 2103648.
本文引用 [1]
[4]
WANG D， WANG G， ZHANG M， et al. Composite cathode materials for next-generation lithium fluorinated carbon primary batteries［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2022， 541： 231716.
本文引用 [2]
[5]
TANG J E， SAVONA S J， ESSANDOH M K. Aveir leadless pacemaker： novel technology with new anesthetic implications［J］. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia， 2022， 36（12）： 4501-4504.
本文引用 [2]
[6]
VOULIOTIS A I， ROBERTS P R， DILAVERIS P， et al. Leadless pacemakers： current achievements and future perspectives［J］. European Cardiology Review， 2023， 18： e49.
本文引用 [1]
[7]
LIANG Q， GALUPPINI G， GOMADAM P M， et al. Modeling of pulse and relaxation of high-rate Li/CF X -SVO batteries in implantable medical devices［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2024， 610： 234671.
本文引用 [1]
[8]
LUO Z， WANG X， CHEN D， et al. Ultrafast Li/fluorinated graphene primary batteries with high energy density and power density［J］.ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces，2021，13（16）：18809-18820.
本文引用 [1]
[9]
ZHOU R， LI Y， FENG Y， et al. The electrochemical performances of fluorinated hard carbon as the cathode of lithium primary batteries［J］. Composites Communications， 2020， 21： 100396.
本文引用 [1]
[10]
FENG W， LONG P， FENG Y， et al. Two-dimensional fluorinated graphene： synthesis， structures， properties and applications［J］. Advanced Science， 2016， 3（7）： 1500413.
本文引用 [3]
[11]
NAGA K， OHZAWA Y， NAKAJIMA T. Electrochemical reactions of surface-fluorinated petroleum coke electrodes in organic solvents［J］. Electrochimica Acta， 2006， 51（19）： 4003-4010.
本文引用 [1]
[12]
MAR M， DUBOIS M， GUÉRIN K， et al. High energy primary lithium battery using oxidized sub-fluorinated graphite fluorides［J］. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry， 2019， 227： 109369.
本文引用 [1]
[13]
HU Y， KONG L， LI W， et al. Fluorinated microporous carbon spheres for Li/CF batteries with high volumetric energy density［J］. Composites Communications， 2023， 40： 101607.
本文引用 [1]
[14]
LIU Y， ZHANG H， WU B， et al. Pushing capacities and energy densities beyond theoretical limits of lithium primary batteries using active CF x nanocapsules with x>1［J］. Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers， 2023， 10（1）： 127-136.
本文引用 [1]
[15]
WANG K， FENG Y， KONG L， et al. The fluorination of boron-doped graphene for CF x cathode with ultrahigh energy density［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2022， 6（4）： e12437.
本文引用 [5]
[16]
LI J， ZHENG Y， BAI S， et al. Preparation of ZnNi/CNT composite structures and their catalytic application in Li/CF X battery［J］. International Journal of Electrochemical Science，2024，19（9）： 100714.
本文引用 [1]
[17]
MA J， LIU Y， PENG Y， et al. UV-radiation inducing strategy to tune fluorinated carbon bonds delivering the high-rate Li/CF X primary batteries［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2022， 230： 109494.
本文引用 [1]
[18]
LUO Y C， TONG F F， ZHANG Y， et al. Visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed selective defluoroarylation of trifluoromethylarenes with arylboronic acids［J］. Journal of the American Chemical Society， 2021， 143（34）： 13971-13979.
本文引用 [1]
[19]
AHMAD Y， DUBOIS M， GUÉRIN K， et al. Pushing the theoretical limit of Li-CF x batteries using fluorinated nanostructured carbon nanodiscs［J］. Carbon， 2015， 94： 1061-1070.
本文引用 [1]
[20]
AHMAD Y， DUBOIS M， GUERIN K， et al. High energy density of primary lithium batteries working with sub-fluorinated few walled carbon nanotubes cathode［J］. Journal of Alloys and Compounds， 2017， 726： 852-859.
本文引用 [1]
[21]
ZHANG S， KONG L， LI Y， et al. Fundamentals of Li/CF X battery design and application［J］. Energy & Environmental Science， 2023， 16（5）： 1907-1942.
本文引用 [1]
[22]
ZHANG W， DUBOIS M， GUÉRIN K， et al. Effect of curvature on C—F bonding in fluorinated carbons： from fullerene and derivatives to graphite［J］. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics， 2010， 12（6）： 1388-1398.
本文引用 [6]
[23]
GUÉRIN K， DUBOIS M. Advanced fluoride-based materials for energy conversion［M］. Amsterdam：Elsevier， 2015.
本文引用 [1]
[24]
PENG C， KONG L， LI Y， et al. Fluorinated graphene nanoribbons from unzipped single-walled carbon nanotubes for ultrahigh energy density lithium-fluorinated carbon batteries［J］. Science China Materials， 2021， 64（6）： 1367-1377.
本文引用 [2]
[25]
GIRAUDET J， DUBOIS M， GUÉRIN K， et al. Solid state NMR studies of covalent graphite fluorides （CF） n and （C2F） n ［J］. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids， 2006， 67（5）： 1100-1105.
本文引用 [1]
[26]
PENG C， ZHANG S， KONG L， et al. Fluorinated carbon nanohorns as cathodematerials for ultra-high power Li/CF X batteries［J］. Small Methods， 2024， 8（3）： 2301090.
本文引用 [3]
[27]
AHMAD Y， ANDANSON J M， BONNET P， et al. Fluorination effect on the solubility of C60 in a bis（trifluoromethylsulfonyl）imide based ionic liquid［J］. Colloids and Surfaces A， 2022， 649： 129140.
本文引用 [1]
[28]
WANG Z， WANG D， ZOU Z， et al. Efficient potential-tuning strategy through p-type doping for designing cathodes with ultrahigh energy density［J］. National Science Review， 2020， 7（11）： 1768-1775.
本文引用 [1]
[29]
PENG Y， LIU Y， ALI R， et al. Air plasma-induced carbon fluoride enabling active CF bonds for double-high energy/power densities of Li/CF X primary battery［J］. Journal of Alloys and Compounds， 2022， 905： 164151.
本文引用 [3]
[30]
YAO L S， ZHOU H P， CHEN G T， et al. Study on the thermal effect in ultra-fast plasma-enhanced fluorination for high-quality CF x cathode materials［J］. Diamond and Related Materials， 2023， 131： 109545.
本文引用 [3]
[31]
FU A， XIAO Y， JIAN J， et al. Boosting the energy density of Li||CF x primary batteries using a 1，3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone- based electrolyte［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces， 2021， 13（48）： 57470-57480.
本文引用 [5]
[32]
PANG C， DING F， SUN W， et al. A novel dimethyl sulfoxide/1，3-dioxolane based electrolyte for lithium/carbon fluorides batteries with a high discharge voltage plateau［J］. Electrochimica Acta， 2015， 174： 230-237.
本文引用 [3]
[33]
LONG S， CHEN F， DING F， et al. Study on crystal growth kinetics and preferred orientation for LiF crystal in dimethyl sulfoxide/1，3-dioxolane-based electrolyte［J］. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C， 2019，123（6）：28048-28057.
本文引用 [1]
[34]
JIANG J， JI H， CHEN P， et al. The influence of electrolyte concentration and solvent on operational voltage of Li/CF X primary batteries elucidated by Nernst equation［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2022， 527： 231193.
本文引用 [3]
[35]
ZHANG Y， JIANG J， ZHANG L， et al. BF3-based electrolyte additives promote electrochemical reactions to boost the energy density of Li/CF X primary batteries［J］. Electrochimica Acta， 2023， 470： 143311.
本文引用 [1]
[36]
YANG X X， ZHANG G J， BAI B S， et al. Fluorinated graphite nanosheets for ultrahigh-capacity lithium primary batteries［J］. Rare Metals， 2021， 40（7）： 1708-1718.
本文引用 [1]
[37]
PARKE C D， HARRIS K C， ZHANG X， et al. Modeling a high-energy， high-rate Li//CFx battery with a capacity-contributing electrolyte［J］. Journal of the Electrochemical Society， 2024， 171（7）： 070540.
本文引用 [1]
[38]
JIANG C， WANG B， WU Z， et al. Electrolyte-assisted dissolution-recrystallization mechanism towards high energy density and power density CF cathodes in potassium cell［J］. Nano Energy， 2020， 70： 104552.
本文引用 [1]
[39]
WANG H， JIANG J， CHEN P， et al. Lithium-ion and solvent co-intercalation enhancing the energy density of fluorinated graphene cathode［J］. Journal of Energy Chemistry， 2024， 89： 208-215.
本文引用 [3]
[40]
LIU W， ZHAO Z， MA F， et al. A difunctional electrolyte boosting the electrochemical performance of the primary Li/CF X batteries［J］. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry， 2024， 965： 118370.
本文引用 [1]
[41]
EL-CHAMI M F， GARWEG C， CLEMENTY N， et al. Leadless pacemakers at 5-year follow-up： the micra transcatheter pacing system post-approval registry［J］. European Heart Journal， 2024， 45（14）： 1241-1251.
本文引用 [1]
[42]
HU J， WU B， CHAE S， et al. Achieving highly reproducible results in graphite-based Li-ion full coin cells［J］. Joule， 2021， 5（5）： 1011-1015.
本文引用 [2]
[43]
LIU H， SUN X， CHENG X， et al. Working principles of lithium metal anode in pouch cells［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2022， 12（47）： 2202518.
本文引用 [1]
[44]
NIE B， LI M， YAO T， et al. Alignment does matter： design thick electrodes to improve the comprehensive lithium storage performance［J］. Carbon， 2023， 206： 105-113.
本文引用 [1]
[45]
ZHANG B， ZHANG M， SONG L， et al. Ion channel engineering in super thick cathodes toward high-energy-density Li-S batteries［J］. Energy & Fuels， 2022， 36（7）： 4087-4093.
本文引用 [1]
[46]
QIU H， ZHANG H， SONG L， et al. Ammonium bicarbonate template-assisted thick cathode for Li-CF x primary batteries with enhanced surface loading and energy density［J］. Energy & Fuels， 2023， 37（6）： 4650-4657.
本文引用 [3]
[47]
WU J， ZHANG X， JU Z， et al. From fundamental understanding to engineering design of high-performance thick electrodes for scalable energy-storage systems［J］. Advanced Materials， 2021， 33（26）： 2101275.
本文引用 [1]
[48]
OOSTERWERFF F， SALAVATI A， ADIYAMAN A， et al. Management of nanostim leadless pacemaker early-life battery failures. a single center experience［J］. EP Europace， 2021， 23（）：423.
本文引用 [1] 摘要
Suppl 3
[49]
JEON D H. Enhancing electrode wettability in lithium-ion battery via particle-size ratio control［J］. Applied Materials Today， 2021， 22： 100976.
本文引用 [1]
[50]
LAUTENSCHLAEGER M P， PRIFLING B， KELLERS B， et al. Understanding electrolyte filling of lithium-ion battery electrodes on the pore scale using the lattice boltzmann method［J］. Batteries & Supercaps， 2022， 5（7）： e202200090.
本文引用 [1]
[51]
GÜNTER F J， KEILHOFER J， RAUCH C， et al. Influence of pressure and temperature on the electrolyte filling of lithium-ion cells： experiment， model and method［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2022， 517： 230668.
本文引用 [1]
[52]
HAGEMEISTER J， GÜNTER F J， RINNER T， et al. Numerical models of the electrolyte filling process of lithium-ion batteries to accelerate and improve the process and cell design［J］. Batteries， 2022， 8（10）： 159.
本文引用 [1]
[53]
NIE Z， MCCORMACK P， BILHEUX H Z， et al. Probing lithiation and delithiation of thick sintered lithium-ion battery electrodes with neutron imaging［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2019， 419： 127-136.
本文引用 [1]
[54]
DENG Z， HUANG Z， SHEN Y， et al. Ultrasonic scanning to observe wetting and “unwetting” in Li-ion pouch cells［J］. Joule， 2020， 4（9）： 2017-2029.
本文引用 [1]
[55]
HOU S， YI M， JIANG F， et al. Ultrasonic testing-based method for segmental calibration and quantitative estimation of the electrolyte content in lithium-ion batteries［J］. Measurement， 2023， 217： 113101.
本文引用 [1]
[56]
CUI H， REN D， YI M， et al. Operando monitoring of the open circuit voltage during electrolyte filling ensures high performance of lithium-ion batteries［J］. Nano Energy， 2022， 104： 107874.
本文引用 [1]
[57]
CHEN F， CHEN T， WU Z， et al. Optimizing lithium-ion battery electrode manufacturing： advances and prospects in process simulation［J］. Journal of Power Sources， 2024， 610： 234717.
本文引用 [1]

Comments

PDF(2829 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail
Sections
Recommended
Copyright © Journal of Materials Engineering, All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd.

/

〈 〉