Carbon dots（CDs） are an emerging class of zero-dimensional carbon nano-optical materials that are as promising candidates for various applications. Compared with visible light， near-infrared light has deeper tissue penetration and lower scattering， giving it obvious advantages in fields such as biological imaging. Through the exploration of scientific researchers， the optical band gap of CDs has been continuously regulated and red-shifted from the initial blue-violet light to longer wavelengths. In recent years， CDs with near-infrared absorption/emission have been gradually reported. Based on a series of works by our research group on the near-infrared carbon dots， this review summarizes and reviews the latest progress in preparation strategies and applications of near-infrared carbon dots， and prospectively outlines the future development directions.

As a novel class of zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials， carbon dots（CDs） have demonstrated broad application prospects in bioimaging， optoelectronic devices， and environmental sensing due to their tunable luminescence， low toxicity， and versatile functionality. However， the luminescence mechanisms of CDs remain a central research focus owing to diverse synthesis methods， varied raw material sources， and complex composition-structure characteristics. The elusive nature luminescence mechanism has hindered the rational design and application of CDs with superior fluorescence performance. This article systematically investigates the correlation between the structural characteristics and luminescence mechanisms of CDs， with focused analysis on the roles of five core mechanisms： quantum confinement effect， effective conjugate length， surface-edge states， molecular states， and cross-link enhanced emission effects. The comprehensive analysis aims to provide theoretical guidance for the controlled synthesis and functional applications of CDs with superior fluorescence performance.

In this study， water-soluble red carbon dots（R-CDs） were successfully synthesized via a microwave- assisted method using spinach powder as the carbon precursor. The optical properties， structural characteristics， and fluorescence regulation mechanisms of R-CDs were investigated. The results demonstrated that R-CDs exhibit uniform particle size distribution（3.62 nm）， long-wavelength red light emission（648 nm）， and a narrow full width at half maxima（FWHM）（30 nm）. The observed fluorescence redshift is attributed to the synergistic interaction between hydroxyl groups and graphitic-nitrogen. A fluorescent probe based on R-CDs was developed for highly selective detection of Pb²⁺ ions， with a linear response range of 0—40 nmol/L and a detection limit of 4.2 nmol/L （R²=0.990）. Further studies revealed that the interaction between Pb²⁺ and R-CDs is primarily governed by a dynamic quenching mechanism. This work provides a novel and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of red carbon dots and their application in heavy metal ion sensing.

As a 0-dimensional carbon nanomaterial with excellent optical properties， carbon dots（CDs） has been widely used in optoelectronic devices， biological imaging and other fields. However， due to the resonance energy transfer and π-π accumulation caused by the aggregation of solid CDs， the solid emission quenching has greatly hindered its application as phosphors. So the researchers explored a variety of ways to obtain solid-state luminescent CDs. In this paper， the mechanism， classification and research progress of solid-state luminescence CDs are reviewed， and the latest application fields of solid-state luminescence CDs are introduced. Finally， the difficulties and future challenges in the preparation of solid-state luminescent CDs are presented.

Moisture-enabled electricity generation（MEG）， an emerging energy-harvesting technology， has attracted significant attention in recent years. Owing to the ubiquitous presence of water vapor and the pollution-free nature of the power generation process， MEG technology demonstrates strong adaptability， that is， it is not limited by natural conditions such as season， region and environment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of MEG technology. It discusses the interaction mechanism between moisture and power generation materials， primarily focusing on ion gradient diffusion and streaming potential. It also provides a detailed analysis of the types， characteristics， advantages and disadvantages of new carbon-based hygroscopic layer materials. Furthermore， it describes the development of moisture power generation technology in the latest application fields.

A five-membered cyclic carbonate compound， tris（hydroxymethyl）propyl pentacyclic carbonate（TPTE）， was synthesized using CO₂ and trihydroxymethylpropane triglycidyl ether as starting materials via cycloaddition reaction. Subsequently， red-emissive carbon dots（R-CDs） with a quantum yield of 38% were prepared through a solvothermal method using TPTE and o-phenylenediamine as precursors and ethanol as the solvent. Structural characterization revealed that the obtained R-CDs exhibited an average particle size of 9.41 nm， with a highly graphitized carbon core and surface-rich hydroxyl and amino functional groups. Optical performance testing demonstrated that the R-CDs in ethanol solution displayed distinct excitation-independent characteristics， showing three-fingered emission peaks at 599， 648 and 702 nm under excitation at 535 nm， accompanied by a fluorescence lifetime of 6.46 ns. Theoretical calculations and spectroscopic analyses confirmed that these luminescent properties originated from extended π-conjugated systems within the carbon core inducing（π， π ^*） transitions. Notably， when combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP）， the ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence emission characteristics of R-CDs remained essentially unchanged， indicating negligible electronic interactions between PVP matrices and R-CDs. Leveraging their excellent optical properties， R-CDs/PVP composites were employed as phosphors integrated with a 360 nm ultraviolet LED chip to fabricate red-emitting devices. The prepared LED exhibited CIE chromaticity coordinates of （0.42， 0.21）， precisely falling within the red light region with high monochromaticity. Significantly， this research achieved efficient indirect fixation of CO₂ by converting it into functionalized cyclic carbonate precursors， providing an innovative approach for greenhouse gas valorization. This integrated strategy combining high-quantum-yield fluorescent material development with carbon reduction technology holds substantial application potential in optoelectronic devices and green chemistry.

针对镍基电催化剂在甲醇氧化反应（MOR）中活性位点不足、导电性差和催化反应动力学速度慢等瓶颈问题，本文通过晶格掺杂工程策略，采用低成本钼酸铵前驱体结合煅烧工艺，构建了氧空位与Ni³⁺活性位点协同增强的Mo掺杂NiO催化剂.结果表明，随着Mo掺杂量从0增加至28%（原子分数），催化剂表面氧空位浓度由30.18%梯度提升至56.59%,Ni³⁺物种占比从65.55%增至85.91%；当Mo掺杂量为28%时，在1.0 mol/L KOH/1.0 mol/L CH₃OH电解液中，1.7 V（vs.RHE）电位下获得280.8 mA/cm²的电流密度，较未掺杂的NiO（21.7mA/cm²）提升12.9倍，Tafel斜率由63 mV/dec显著降低至25 mV/dec.通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段，对Mo掺杂制备氧空位浓度和Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺摩尔比可调变的NiO催化剂的形成机制和MOR电催化效果进行研究，初步揭示了其原理和构效关联，为设计具有高活性位点浓度的高效直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）阳极催化剂提供了新思路.

In this study， green-emissive carbon dots（G-CDs1） were prepared using salicylic acid and ethylenediamine as precursors through a hydrothermal method， followed by purification via dialysis and column chromatography. G-CDs1 exhibited an emission wavelength of 518 nm and a photoluminescence quantum yield（PLQY） of 22.3%. Structural characterization revealed that G-CDs1 possess a graphitic carbon core and abundant surface functional groups（—OH， —COOH， —NH₂）. Comparative experiments were designed： first， blue-emissive carbon cores were obtained by hydrothermally treating salicylic acid alone； then， these cores were reacted with ethylenediamine to produce green-emissive carbon dots（G-CDs2）. Comparative analysis showed that G-CDs2 and G-CDs1 shared identical fluorescence properties and structural features， revealing a “carbon core-fluorophore” synergistic emission mechanism， where green-emissive fluorophores were generated through defect passivation or surface reaction with ethylenediamine， jointly contributing to the fluorescence emission together with the carbon core. Consequently， a G-CDs1/polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP） fluorescent ink composite was developed， enabling printed patterns with bright green fluorescence. This research contributes to the development of controllable synthesis， fluorescence mechanism， and applications of carbon dots.

共价有机框架（COFs）是一种新型的共价连接晶体材料,具有结构可预测性和永久孔隙度,被广泛应用于异相催化.本文以光活性芘基团的有机单体（TFPPy）和含苯并噻二唑（BTz）的有机单体作为构筑单元,通过溶剂热法合成了一种Donor-acceptor（D-A）型TFPPy-BTz-COF纳米棒光催化剂.利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪（UV-Vis DRS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和氮气吸附-脱附实验等手段表征了TFPPy-BTz-COF的形貌、结构和组成.得益于D-A型TFPPyBTz-COF纳米棒优异的光生电子分离性能,在室温、氧气氛围及可见光照射条件下,TFPPy-BTz-COF纳米棒可将各种苄胺高效、高选择性催化氧化成相应的偶联产物.结合电子顺磁共振波谱（EPR）和活性物种捕获实验,发现单线态氧（¹O₂）和超氧自由基(O₂^·-)是关键活性氧物种,并提出了TFPPy-BTz-COF可见光催化氧化苄胺偶联反应的催化机理.

构建了一种基于金属有机骨架（MOF）材料Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂的荧光策略，用于检测SO₃^2-.首先通过溶剂热法，以均苯四甲酸为有机配体、Ce⁴⁺为中心离子合成了Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂材料，并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等表征手段确认了其结构特征.在Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂的催化作用下，SO₃^2-与苯甲酸组成的反应体系中，SO₃^2-被催化转化为硫酸根自由基(SO₄^·-)，进而诱导苯甲酸转化为具有荧光特性的2-羟基苯甲酸（水杨酸），从而实现对SO₃^2-的定量检测.通过荧光光谱和电子自旋共振谱（ESR）验证了该检测过程的机理.考察了反应时间、温度、MOF材料用量及苯甲酸浓度等因素对检测性能的影响，在优化的条件下获得40～120 mmol/L的线性检测范围，检出限达8.3μmol/L.该方法对常见无机阴离子表现出良好的抗干扰性能，可应用于雨水和自来水样品中SO₃^2-的定量检测.

A red fluorescent carbon dots（CDs） with sonodynamic activity were synthesized， and the CDs@AQ4N nano-assemblies were prepared by assembling the hypoxia-activating drug AQ4N， with CDs via electrostatic interaction， hydrogen bonding， and π-π interactions. CDs@AQ4N could effectively generate singlet oxygen（¹O₂） for sonodynamic therapy（SDT） of cancer cells. Moreover， the depletion of intra-tumor oxygen during SDT further exacerbated the tumor hypoxia， which activated AQ4N and converted it into cytotoxic AQ4， enabling fluorescence-imaging-guided combination of SDT and chemotherapy for the treatment of mice tumors. The excellent biosafety of CDs@AQ4N was confirmed by mouse major organ sections， blood routine and blood biochemical analyses.

<正>《高等学校化学学报》是由教育部主管、吉林大学和南开大学联合主办的综合性化学学术期刊.该刊以研究论文、研究快报和综合评述等形式，报道我国高校及科研院所在化学及相关领域的基础研究、应用研究和重大开发研究所取得的最新成果.作为我国最早被SCI收录的中文期刊之一，《高等学校化学学报》已被二十余种国内外权威检索刊物和数据库收录，并入选“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”.为进一步提升本刊影响力，集中展示国际碳点领域的前沿研究进展，应主编于吉红院士之邀，我们特别组织了本期“碳点：合成、结构与功能”专刊，并邀请活跃于碳点领域的国内外知名研究人员撰写相关的综述与研究论文，以便为读者呈现该领域的最新动向与研究成果.碳点是一类尺寸通常小于10 nm的新型碳基纳米材料，具有优异的光学性质、生物相容性和环境友好性.自2004年首次被报道以来，碳点因其出色的光稳定性、良好的水溶性以及丰富的表面功能化策略，迅速在生物成像、传感检测、光电器件和催化等多个领域展现出广阔的应用前景.

Sunscreen absorber， the basic ultraviolet（UV） protection additives that absorb UV rays， is the active ingredient in sunscreen products. However， traditional sunscreen absorbers are known as organic and inorganic chemicals which have problems such as unknown toxicity for human health and environment， instability， poor water solubility， and a narrow range of UV absorption， the study of eco-friendly broad-spectrum sunscreen absorber materials is important for the application of sunscreen products. In recent years， carbon dots have shown good properties in the application of UV absorbers due to their chemistry stability， eco-friendly， excellent UV absorption efficiency. In this study， two kinds of carbon dots（named O-CDs and A-CDs， respectively） were prepared from dopamine hydrochloride and o-phenylenediamine， citric acid and urea independently by simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method， purified by column chromatography and then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）， transmission electron microscopy（TEM）， X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）， Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy（UV-Vis）， and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that a broad-spectrum UV protection material named as B-CDs was developed by mixing O-CDs and A-CDs with the optimized mass ratio of 1∶1.5. In addition， the B-CDs were added as a broad-spectrum UV absorber to polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） solution to prepare the UV protection calligraphy ink， and the sunscreen effect stability of the ink was tested in a certain period（120 h）. The results indicated that the broad-spectrum carbon dots UV absorber is high- efficiency and stable， and carbon dots have the potential to be used as ideal photostable broad-spectrum UV absorber additives for sunscreen products.

随着社会对丙烯需求的增长，发展高效丙烯生产技术无论对于科学研究和经济发展都至关重要.铂基催化剂由于具有较高的丙烷C—H键活化能力和丙烯选择性，在丙烷脱氢(PDH)反应中得到了广泛的研究.然而在丙烷脱氢反应过程中，由于Pt的烧结及积碳导致催化剂快速失活.高稳定性小尺寸Pt基催化剂的开发至关重要.本文以具有限域作用的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSN)为载体，利用过渡金属锌为助剂调控活性组分Pt的电子性质及几何结构，制备了一系列不同锌含量的Ptx Zn/MSN催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 N2气吸附-脱附实验、拉曼光谱、 CO漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对产物进行了表征，并测试了其PDH性能.结果表明,锌的加入使Pt颗粒分割为更小的Pt物种，提高了Pt的分散度，从而减少了副反应的发生，提高了催化剂的稳定性.当锌负载量为0.5%(质量分数）时，Pt0.5Zn/MSN催化剂展示了最高的PDH性能，其中，丙烷初始转化率为47.9%，丙烯选择性为97.0%，反应6 h后，丙烷转化率仍保持在45.8%，选择性在97.0%，丙烯生成速率为0.82 mmol/min·gcat.

以聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)为多乙烯基单体(MVMs), 4-氰基-4-(硫代苯甲酰硫基)戊酸(CPADB)为链转移剂，2,2′-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂，采用一锅法可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法，通过调控反应参数特异性促进聚合过程中大分子间结合，成功合成了两种支化度不同且带有大量悬挂双键的超支化聚乙二醇(HBPs). HBPs可与巯基化明胶(gel-SH)通过硫醇-烯点击化学反应交联形成HBP/gel-SH水凝胶，用于人诱导间充质干细胞(iMSCs)培养.采用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)和核磁共振波谱仪对HBPs的化学组成和结构进行表征.研究结果表明，通过调控PEGDA单体反应浓度及n(PEGDA)∶n(CPADB)∶n(AIBN)能够有效调控HBPs的支化度.流变仪表征结果表明，HBPs和gel-SH能够快速交联，在2 min内形成水凝胶.细胞培养实验证明，HBP/gel-SH水凝胶无明显细胞毒性，且高支化度聚合物形成的水凝胶具有更好的生物相容性.该水凝胶在干细胞培养和扩增领域有广阔的应用前景.

Acetaminophen（APAP） is a drug used to treat headaches and fever symptoms， and its metabolites deplete glutathione（GSH） in the liver and cause oxidative stress. Taking large amounts of APAP in a short period of time can lead to liver failure. Yellow-emissive carbon dots（D-CDs） with strong antioxidant ability and good biocompatibility were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method using catechol（CAT） and 2，5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid（DHTA） as precursors. In the APAP-induced zebrafish liver injury model， in vivo imaging showed that D-CDs could be effectively enriched in the zebrafish liver. The superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and GSH content was increased and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA） was reduced， which finally effectively improved APAP- induced oxidative stress injury in zebrafish.

相比传统生物纳米孔薄膜,固态纳米孔薄膜在化学、机械及热稳定性方面表现更优,因此在生物探测和生命健康等领域具有广泛应用前景.本文通过多靶磁控共溅射系统制备银（Ag）纳米线阵列-二氧化硅（SiO₂）复合超材料薄膜,并采用化学湿法刻蚀技术,利用过氧化氢（H₂O₂）刻蚀液选择性溶解Ag纳米线阵列,成功制备了平均直径约为5 nm的SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列薄膜.通过X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱和椭圆偏振光谱等分析手段,证实了Ag纳米线在H₂O₂溶液中完全溶解,并阐明了Ag纳米线与H₂O₂的化学反应机理.此外,利用扫描电子显微镜和小角X射线散射仪对SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列的形貌及微结构尺寸进行了表征.本研究成功制备了直径小于10 nm的SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列结构,为高效制备SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列提供了新的思路.

针对锂金属电池存在锂枝晶生长、不稳定的电极/电解液界面及在乙二醇二甲醚（DME）电解液中氧化稳定性差的问题.本文以三甲氧基（3,3,3-三氟丙基）硅烷（TFS）作为电解液溶剂,结合双氟磺酰亚胺锂（LiFSI）设计了一种新型的氟化硅氧烷电解液.采用密度泛函理论（DFT）和分子动力学模拟（MD）分析了电解液的锂溶剂化结构,通过充放电、循环性能和倍率性能测试对比分析了电池在氟化硅氧烷电解液和二甲醚（DME）电解液中的电化学性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对锂沉积形貌和电极界面成分进行分析.结果表明,TFS中的Si—O键比DME中的C—O键具有更高的键能,这可以增强电解液的氧化稳定性,并能匹配高电压正极材料.TFS溶剂与Li⁺之间呈现相对较弱的结合能力,这种独特的锂溶剂化结构有利于诱导FSI^-阴离子在锂金属负极表面优先分解,并形成富含LiF的固态电解质界面膜（SEI膜）,有效抑制了锂枝晶生长,稳定了电极界面,并提高了锂金属电池的循环寿命.在TFS电解液中,Li‖C u电池在1.0 mA/cm²电流密度下可以稳定循环300次,Li‖L FP全电池在2.0C倍率下经过400次循环后,其放电比容量没有出现明显的衰减,Li‖NCM811全电池在1.0C倍率下经过300次循环后放电比容量保持率仍达83%,显示出优异的循环稳定性.

偏二甲肼（UDMH）是导弹、卫星和飞船发射试验以及运载火箭的主体燃料，其生产的废水中含有高浓度盐、碱及UDMH，若直接排放会导致水体、土壤污染，严重危害人类健康.本文设计了一种“电渗析+反渗透”双膜法对偏二甲肼高盐废水进行资源化处理，首先，采用电渗析对偏二甲肼废水中的盐、碱等无机物杂质进行脱除，之后利用反渗透进行浓缩，从而实现偏二甲肼的高纯度回收，同时考察了离子交换膜、操作电压、料液流量对电渗析脱盐过程的影响规律，并优化了反渗透浓缩过程的工艺.结果表明，电渗析过程对废水中盐、碱的去除率高达98.6%，而偏二甲肼的损失率则低于13.5%，其电流效率为53.1%，过程能耗约1.02kW·h/kg；反渗透过程可将偏二甲肼浓缩浓度从1.1 g/L浓缩至6.3 g/L，浓缩倍率高达5.6倍，达到了偏二甲肼回收的要求.

Boron-doped carbon dots（B-CDs） synthesized via solid-phase method were employed as electrolyte additives for lithium metal batteries. The carbon dots were prepared through the catalytic pyrolysis of carbon sources in air， highlighting high yield， efficiency， safety， and convenience. Synthesized from 1，3，5-trihydroxy-benzen and boric acid， the B-CDs exhibited excellent dispersibility in carbonate-based electrolytes. The doped boron atoms， serving as electron-deficient centers， could engage fluorinated anion groups through Lewis acid-base interactions， thus inducing uniform lithium-ion deposition on the lithium anode. At an additive concentration of 0.3 mg/mL， a lithium symmetric cell demonstrated stable cycling for 2500 h under a current density of 0.5 mA/cm² and a plating capacity of 0.5 mA·h/cm²， indicating that the carbon dot additive significantly enhanced the reversibility of lithium deposition/dissolution. When these carbon dots were incorporated into electrolytes of a LiFePO₄ full cell， an initial capacity of 144.4 mA·h/g was achieved， with a capacity retention of 95.1% after 100 cycles.

In this work， iron-doped carbon dots（Fe-CDs） with strong peroxidase-mimicking activity were synthesized for tumor-specific therapy. Their intrinsic red fluorescence enabled high-contrast cellular imaging， revealing preferential mitochondrial accumulation. In the acidic and hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）-rich tumor microenvironment， Fe-CDs catalyzed hydroxyl radical（•OH） generation， inducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation， ultimately triggering ferroptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated potent tumor inhibition. Furthermore， Fe-CDs exhibited excellent biocompatibility with no significant systemic toxicity. By integrating fluorescence imaging and catalytic therapy， this study presents a promising nanoplatform for tumor treatment and ferroptosis research.

离子液体的催化活性与其酸度的大小密不可分,而Hammett酸度函数（H₀）是一种表示酸度的重要参数.本文合成了一系列可用于三聚甲醛合成过程的吡咯烷酮类和咪唑类离子液体,并对其在水溶液中的H₀进行了系统的实验和理论研究,比较了阴、阳离子结构和溶剂的选择对酸度的影响规律.研究了盐效应对1-丙基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑甲烷磺酸盐（[C₃SMIM][MSA]）、甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸和硫酸的H₀的影响.结果表明,阴离子对酸度的影响更加显著.当阴离子相同时,阳离子取代基的碳链越长,酸度越强;当阳离子相同时,阴离子的电荷密度越小,酸度越强;对于同一类型的离子液体,磺酸功能化的离子液体比未功能化的离子液体酸度要强.大部分盐类起的是盐析效应,对酸度起增强作用,少数盐会减弱酸度,如对甲苯磺酸钠和1-丙基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑内盐（C₃SMIM）等,这些盐的共同特点是具有较大的离子尺寸,电荷密度较低.

Carbon nanodots（CDs） with concentration-dependent fluorescence were synthesized with citric acid and urea as precursors in N，N-dimethylformamide through solvothermal strategy. The CDs solution was diluted with deionized water at various ratios. The energy transfer between the CDs particles gradually weakened when the dilution ratio increased， leading to a shift in fluorescence color from red to blue and an enhancement in emission intensity. A systematic investigation on the concentration effects on the fluorescence emission properties of CDs were conducted with a chromatography separation techniques， revealing that the as-prepared CDs solution contained the multicolor components and the fluorescence variations in CDs solutions were attributed to Förster resonance energy transfer and reabsorption energy transfer. Thus， the precise regulation of multicolor CDs phosphors was further achieved with the starch as confined matrix to regulate the energy transfer between CDs. These findings present a new strategy to regulate the optical properties of CDs and pave a new insight the applications of fluorescence labeling and display technology.

A method for regulating the trap levels of matrix-free carbon dots（CDs） through boron（B） doping is demonstrated， significantly prolonging their afterglow duration. Further studies reveal that B is incorporated into the CDs in the forms of B—N and B—C bonds when the CDs are synthesized from 1，4-phenylenediboronic acid， sodium hydroxide， and melamine. The B content increases with the proportion of the B source（i.e.， 1，4-phenylenediboronic acid）. This process not only enhances the trap density in the CDs but also increases the energy level difference between the trap energy level and the excited triplet state. Moreover， the elevated levels of C=O and C=N bonds facilitate the generation of triplet excitons and intersystem crossing. As traps capture and store triplet excitons for gradual release， the afterglow lifetime of CDs is extended from 0.764 s to 1.224 s， effectively quadrupling the afterglow duration. Finally， based on variations in their afterglow durations， potential applications for information storage and encryption using these CDs are demonstrated.

首先，采用阳极氧化和水热处理技术在钛表面原位制备装载Sr²⁺的TiO₂纳米管阵列；然后，采用电泳沉积的方法在纳米管表面制备羧甲基壳聚糖（CMCS）涂层；最后，依次在纳米管中装载NO释放分子（N-亚硝基-N-苯基羟胺铵盐）和成骨生长肽（OGP）,通过Sr²⁺、NO气体分子以及OGP的协同促进成骨细胞的黏附、生长和功能表达.研究结果表明,功能化的纳米管阵列不仅可以诱导羟基磷灰石（HA）的仿生沉积,还可以持续释放Sr²⁺和NO气体信号分子,显著促进成骨细胞的黏附、增殖以及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（OCN）和Runt相关转录因子2（RUNX2）的表达.在装载OGP后,成骨细胞的黏附生长和功能表达进一步提高.因此,本文的表面改性策略可用于在钛合金表面构建具有优异生物相容性的生物活性涂层,从而提高钛基骨替代材料的骨整合性能.

Cell derived fluorescent carbon points（CDs） were synthesized via one step hydrothermal method. It is found that the CDs have excellent peroxide-like catalytic activity， which can catalyze the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical. Based on this， the hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidation and CDs could consecutively oxidize p-phenylenediamine（PPD） to produce PPDox［2，5-Diamino-N，N′-di-（4-aminophenyl）-2，5-cyclohexadiene-1，4-diimine］. By virtue of the inner filer effect of PPDox on CDs， a dual-mode colorimetric and fluorescent detection of glucose was establised. The limit of detection of the present assay are 41 µmol/L and 13 µmol/L for the colorimetric method and the fluorescence method， respectively. In this work， CDs can not only be used as a peroxide-like enzyme to catalyze hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical for PPD oxidation， but also be used as a fluorescent indicator to indicate the change of glucose concentration through the internal filtration effect.

An active shrinkage hydrogel based on red emissive carbon dots（CDs） photosensitizers（PSs） was developed for bacterial infected wound healing. The hydrogel was prepared by using N-isopropylacrylamide （NIPAM）， sodium alginate（SA） and CDs PSs as precursors through free radical polymerization and calcium ion cross-linking. The hydrogel could release CDs PSs at body temperature（37 ℃） due to the active shrinkage of the hydrogel. Upon light irradiation， the released CDs PSs can generate singlet oxygen to kill bacteria effectively in the wound site leading to rapid wound healing. In vitro and in vivo results suggest that the developed active shrinkage hydrogel has good drug release， photodynamic antibacterial effects and the ability to accelerate wound healing， thus providing a new type of hydrogel for clinical wound management.

细胞通讯等动态复杂的生命活动需要多种膜受体的参与.核酸探针是开发膜受体可视化分析策略的重要分子工具.本文从非共价靶向识别和共价偶联两种策略类型总结了基于核酸的蛋白标记技术，系统介绍了这些标记技术在膜受体表达水平、糖型以及相互作用等重要分子信息的可视化分析方面取得的最新研究进展，并对该领域的挑战和未来发展方向进行了阐述和展望.

2-甲基-5-氨基苯酚是一种重要的活性中间体，可广泛应用于染料、医药及化妆品领域，市场需求持续增长.然而，其传统工业生产存在能耗高、反应时间长及安全性等问题.本文基于连续流反应器的技术优势，开发了一种2-甲基-5-氨基苯酚的半连续流合成工艺.通过将3个关键中间体的生产工艺改造为连续流工艺，使反应时间从12 h大幅缩短至4 min，最终产物的分离收率达78.5%.该工艺不仅显著提升了反应效率，还优化了工艺条件，使产物生成更加稳定，同时有效降低了能耗和安全隐患.研究结果为连续流技术与绿色高效工业生产的结合提供了重要参考.

构建了基于二维Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片/导电科琴黑复合材料的聚甲基丙烯酸分子印迹电化学传感器,用于多巴胺（DA）检测.利用湿法刻蚀技术和超声机械混合法制备了二维Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片（d-Ti₃C₂T_x）/导电科琴黑（KB）复合材料；以DA为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,利用电化学沉积技术在d-Ti₃C₂T_x/KB修饰电极表面制备了选择性识别DA分子的分子印迹聚合物膜.采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜分析了材料的成分及形貌结构,用循环伏安法以铁氰化钾为电子探针考察了修饰电极的电化学性能,用脉冲伏安法（DPV）考察了电极对DA的电化学响应性能.对检测条件如修饰材料质量比、功能与单体之比、电沉积圈数、富集时间及p H等参数进行了优化.检测结果显示,所构筑的传感器对DA有较高的DPV电化学响应性,线性检测范围为1×10^-6～1×10^-2 mol/L,检出限为4.228μmol/L（S/N=3）.该传感器具有良好的抗干扰性和重复性.采用标准加入法检测了非侵入性尿液样品中的DA,加标回收率为82.5%～93.75%,RSD均低于5%.构筑的传感器具有较高的灵敏度和可靠性,为DA检测提供了可借鉴和参考的方法和思路.

In this work， the yellow-green carbon dots（λ _ex=440 nm） with a fluorescence emission wavelength of 535 nm were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method using dopamine hydrochloride and o-phenylenediamine as raw materials， and then used as fluorescent marker materials for NO₂ ^‒ detection in water samples after purified and separated. The size of the carbon dots is about 3 nm with good dispersion， excellent salt resistance， stable fluorescence under a broad pH value. However， nitrite contaminants in water sources can cause methemoglobinemia disease and has potential carcinogenic risk. The results of the selectivity of the yellow-green carbon dots prepared to detect common contaminants in water samples showed that the carbon dots had a highly specific response to nitrite， and the detection limit was 0.1166 μg/mL（S/N=3， n=3）， which meets the requirements of Chinese national standards for determination of NO₂ ^‒ in drinking water（≤1 μg/mL）. The detection range of 0—60 μg/mL fits the Stern-Volmer equation， and the range of 0—10 μg/mL（y=0.02x+0.000876， R ²=0.9868） and 12—60 μg/mL（y=0.011x+0.198， R ²=0.9937） have good linear responses. In addition， the recoveries of three spiked water samples are from 90.8% to 100.8%（RSD=0.03%—0.86%， n=3） for the validation test. The method of the fluorescent carbon dots marker for contaminants developed in this work is fast and simple， low-cost and has greatly potential in trace nitrite analysis and can be an effective supplementary method for the monitoring of drinking water sources quality.

Organic solar cells（OSCs） have gradually become a research focus in the photovoltaic field due to their advantages， such as simple fabrication processes， diverse material sources， flexibility， and roll-to-roll production capability. However， as OSCs move toward further commercialization， they face challenges such as improving power conversion efficiency（PCE）， scaling up production， reducing costs， and enhancing stability. In addressing these issues， carbon dots（CDs） have garnered widespread attention due to their low cost， diverse structures， environmental friendliness， wide availability， high conductivity， and good stability. In OSC devices， CDs can be used as charge transport layers and interface modification materials， improving the energy level matching and charge transport performance at the cell interface through interface engineering， thereby enhancing the overall performance of OSCs and providing new insights for the development of photovoltaic cells. In this review， the concept， classification， and unique structural features of CDs are introduced. Then， the excellent tunable optoelectronic properties and functionalization modification methods of CDs are highlighted. Furthermore， the application of CDs in the field of interface engineering of OSCs is comprehensively summarized， and finally the challenges associated with CDs-based interface materials in OSCs， along with prospects for their further development， are addressed.

In this paper， a simple precursor molecular structure regulation strategy was presented， and carbon dot-based composites with phosphorescent emission colors covering the visible light spectrum were prepared through an in situ calcination method using Al₂O₃ as a matrix and various small molecules as organic precursors. Transmission electron microscopy， Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy， X-ray diffraction， and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful growth of carbon dots within the Al₂O₃ matrix. Fluorescence spectroscopy tests indicated that the phosphorescent colors of the four CDs@Al₂O₃ composites were blue（454 nm）， green（520 nm）， orange（572 nm）， and red（632 nm）， with average lifetimes of 130.6， 293.6， 498.6， and 539.0 ms， respectively. The observed redshift in phosphorescent emission wavelength attributed to the decrease in the energy gap between the excited state and ground state of the carbon dots with increasing π-conjugation and number of oxygen-containing functional groups in the precursor， which achieved the modulation of multicolor phosphorescent emissions. Based on the multicolor room-temperature phosphorescent characteristics of this material， its applications in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption was preliminarily explored.

引入新的识别元件对脱氧核酶(DNAzyme)进行工程化是拓展其应用范围的重要途径,但这依赖于对其可工程化位点的系统表征.为此,本文对前期发现的需要有机溶剂的RNA切割型脱氧核酶（RNA-cleaving DNAzyme, RCD,名为E3)进行工程化改造,在其不同区域发现了多个可工程化位点,并构建了多种刺激响应性RCD.首先,在可变区域将E3劈成两半,通过设计“DNA拉链”构建多组分酶(Multiple component DNAzyme,MNAzyme)的策略,在可变区鉴别了6个可用于工程化的位点;接着在可变区成功设计了由单个外加的DNA序列激活的MNAzyme系统;进一步在E3的底物结合臂发现了另一个可用于设计MNAzyme的区域,并设计了一系列需2个DNA引发剂同时存在才能激活的三组分酶系统.所有MNAzyme系统在35%(体积分数) DMSO和30%(体积分数)乙醇溶液中都有极高的选择性和极低的背景值,多种MNAzyme和引发剂共存体系中的反应信号接近单个引发剂产生信号的加和.本研究为在含有机溶剂的应用场景中构建响应性RCD探针提供了平台.

报道了一种对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）及聚酯类材料表面改性的通用方法,制备了具有广谱性和可持续后续反应活性的抗蛋白抗细菌涂层,该方法克服了通过引入特定基团用于表面改性的限制.分别采用一锅法和两步法在PMMA上聚合两性离子单体甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱（SBMA）,元素分析结果表明,经一锅法制备的PMMA-SBMA改性涂层的SBMA含量最高,因此选择一锅法进行后续研究.在聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）有机玻片、聚碳酸酯（PC）有机玻片、聚对苯二甲酸-1,4-环己烷二甲醇酯（PCT）有机玻片和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）有机玻片等聚酯类材料的表面上验证了该方法的广谱性.Ellman’s assay定量研究结果表明,PMMA-SBMA改性涂层表面仍存在乙烯基砜基基团,表明该涂层具有可持续后续反应活性.采用石英晶体微天平（QCM）评价了涂层抗牛血清白蛋白（BSA）吸附的能力,结果表明,一锅法涂层显著减少了72.3%的蛋白质非特异性吸附;静态涂层抗细菌黏附能力研究结果表明,对于蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,静态下涂层细菌附着面积减少80%以上;流动池和流场计算结果表明,该涂层在两种剪切力（0.16和1.6 dynes/cm²）的流动条件下均可以抵抗细菌附着.

发展了一种分子内芳基噻蒽盐亲核取代环化反应，通过C—O键与C—S键的选择性断裂，实现了芳基噻蒽盐的新化学转化，高效合成了23例高共轭的三苯并九元硫醚化合物.该反应官能团兼容性优良、产物收率高且无需过渡金属参与，为在催化反应中应用广泛的冠醚的合成提供了一种新途径.

锑因高达660 mA·h/g的理论储钠容量,被认为是钠离子电池的理想负极材料之一,然而其在充放电循环过程中会发生巨大的体积变化,导致活性材料粉化脱落,限制了其实际应用.为了解决此问题,本文采用简单的电沉积方法,在具有微米级孔的三维(3D)多孔铜集流体上构筑了InSb合金(3D Cu@InSb).引入的In元素能够有效抑制Sb电极的团聚现象,同时减少了副反应的发生,提升了首次库仑效率;三维多孔结构提供了较大的比表面积和丰富的活性位点,不仅有助于增加储钠容量、提高离子扩散速率,还能为体积膨胀提供缓冲空间,进而增强材料的结构稳定性.在In合金元素和三维多孔结构协同作用下, 3D Cu@InSb展现出较高的首次库仑效率(80.7%)、良好的循环稳定性(在10 A/g电流密度下循环400次容量保持率为97.6%)和倍率性能(在20 A/g电流密度下比容量为225.4 mA·h/g).

Na₂Ti₃O₇ and Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ are two typical titanate-based sodium-storage materials， featuring the high theoretical capacity and favorable structure stability， respectively. Regulating the ratio of them in the composite material is the key to strengthen its electrochemical characteristics. Herein， based on the high specific surface area and abundant surface functional groups of carbon dots（CDs）， sodium titanate precursors containing CDs were in situ prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. After the thermal conversion of the precursors， a composite material（NNTO/C） of Na₂Ti₃O₇ and Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ was obtained， containing conductive carbon derived from CDs. The introduction of conductive carbon not only adjusts the composition ratio of the mixed phases， but also provides a small charge transfer impedance（R _ct， 7.48 Ω） and a big specific surface area（100.8 m²/g）. As a result， NNTO/C composites exhibit better sodium storage behavior while playing the synergistic interaction of mixed phases. When employed as the anode， after 200 cycles at 0.05 A/g， NNTO/C still maintains a specific capacity of 143.8 mA‧h/g. After 400 cycles at 1.00 A/g， the specific capacity remains as high as 108 mA‧h/g. This study suggests an innovative thinking for designing two-phase structures of electrode materials and the greater use of CDs in electrochemical energy storage.