Carbon dots（CDs） are an emerging class of zero-dimensional carbon nano-optical materials that are as promising candidates for various applications. Compared with visible light， near-infrared light has deeper tissue penetration and lower scattering， giving it obvious advantages in fields such as biological imaging. Through the exploration of scientific researchers， the optical band gap of CDs has been continuously regulated and red-shifted from the initial blue-violet light to longer wavelengths. In recent years， CDs with near-infrared absorption/emission have been gradually reported. Based on a series of works by our research group on the near-infrared carbon dots， this review summarizes and reviews the latest progress in preparation strategies and applications of near-infrared carbon dots， and prospectively outlines the future development directions.

As a novel class of zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials， carbon dots（CDs） have demonstrated broad application prospects in bioimaging， optoelectronic devices， and environmental sensing due to their tunable luminescence， low toxicity， and versatile functionality. However， the luminescence mechanisms of CDs remain a central research focus owing to diverse synthesis methods， varied raw material sources， and complex composition-structure characteristics. The elusive nature luminescence mechanism has hindered the rational design and application of CDs with superior fluorescence performance. This article systematically investigates the correlation between the structural characteristics and luminescence mechanisms of CDs， with focused analysis on the roles of five core mechanisms： quantum confinement effect， effective conjugate length， surface-edge states， molecular states， and cross-link enhanced emission effects. The comprehensive analysis aims to provide theoretical guidance for the controlled synthesis and functional applications of CDs with superior fluorescence performance.

In this study， water-soluble red carbon dots（R-CDs） were successfully synthesized via a microwave- assisted method using spinach powder as the carbon precursor. The optical properties， structural characteristics， and fluorescence regulation mechanisms of R-CDs were investigated. The results demonstrated that R-CDs exhibit uniform particle size distribution（3.62 nm）， long-wavelength red light emission（648 nm）， and a narrow full width at half maxima（FWHM）（30 nm）. The observed fluorescence redshift is attributed to the synergistic interaction between hydroxyl groups and graphitic-nitrogen. A fluorescent probe based on R-CDs was developed for highly selective detection of Pb²⁺ ions， with a linear response range of 0—40 nmol/L and a detection limit of 4.2 nmol/L （R²=0.990）. Further studies revealed that the interaction between Pb²⁺ and R-CDs is primarily governed by a dynamic quenching mechanism. This work provides a novel and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of red carbon dots and their application in heavy metal ion sensing.

As a 0-dimensional carbon nanomaterial with excellent optical properties， carbon dots（CDs） has been widely used in optoelectronic devices， biological imaging and other fields. However， due to the resonance energy transfer and π-π accumulation caused by the aggregation of solid CDs， the solid emission quenching has greatly hindered its application as phosphors. So the researchers explored a variety of ways to obtain solid-state luminescent CDs. In this paper， the mechanism， classification and research progress of solid-state luminescence CDs are reviewed， and the latest application fields of solid-state luminescence CDs are introduced. Finally， the difficulties and future challenges in the preparation of solid-state luminescent CDs are presented.

A five-membered cyclic carbonate compound， tris（hydroxymethyl）propyl pentacyclic carbonate（TPTE）， was synthesized using CO₂ and trihydroxymethylpropane triglycidyl ether as starting materials via cycloaddition reaction. Subsequently， red-emissive carbon dots（R-CDs） with a quantum yield of 38% were prepared through a solvothermal method using TPTE and o-phenylenediamine as precursors and ethanol as the solvent. Structural characterization revealed that the obtained R-CDs exhibited an average particle size of 9.41 nm， with a highly graphitized carbon core and surface-rich hydroxyl and amino functional groups. Optical performance testing demonstrated that the R-CDs in ethanol solution displayed distinct excitation-independent characteristics， showing three-fingered emission peaks at 599， 648 and 702 nm under excitation at 535 nm， accompanied by a fluorescence lifetime of 6.46 ns. Theoretical calculations and spectroscopic analyses confirmed that these luminescent properties originated from extended π-conjugated systems within the carbon core inducing（π， π ^*） transitions. Notably， when combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP）， the ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence emission characteristics of R-CDs remained essentially unchanged， indicating negligible electronic interactions between PVP matrices and R-CDs. Leveraging their excellent optical properties， R-CDs/PVP composites were employed as phosphors integrated with a 360 nm ultraviolet LED chip to fabricate red-emitting devices. The prepared LED exhibited CIE chromaticity coordinates of （0.42， 0.21）， precisely falling within the red light region with high monochromaticity. Significantly， this research achieved efficient indirect fixation of CO₂ by converting it into functionalized cyclic carbonate precursors， providing an innovative approach for greenhouse gas valorization. This integrated strategy combining high-quantum-yield fluorescent material development with carbon reduction technology holds substantial application potential in optoelectronic devices and green chemistry.

Moisture-enabled electricity generation（MEG）， an emerging energy-harvesting technology， has attracted significant attention in recent years. Owing to the ubiquitous presence of water vapor and the pollution-free nature of the power generation process， MEG technology demonstrates strong adaptability， that is， it is not limited by natural conditions such as season， region and environment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of MEG technology. It discusses the interaction mechanism between moisture and power generation materials， primarily focusing on ion gradient diffusion and streaming potential. It also provides a detailed analysis of the types， characteristics， advantages and disadvantages of new carbon-based hygroscopic layer materials. Furthermore， it describes the development of moisture power generation technology in the latest application fields.

针对镍基电催化剂在甲醇氧化反应（MOR）中活性位点不足、导电性差和催化反应动力学速度慢等瓶颈问题，本文通过晶格掺杂工程策略，采用低成本钼酸铵前驱体结合煅烧工艺，构建了氧空位与Ni³⁺活性位点协同增强的Mo掺杂NiO催化剂.结果表明，随着Mo掺杂量从0增加至28%（原子分数），催化剂表面氧空位浓度由30.18%梯度提升至56.59%,Ni³⁺物种占比从65.55%增至85.91%；当Mo掺杂量为28%时，在1.0 mol/L KOH/1.0 mol/L CH₃OH电解液中，1.7 V（vs.RHE）电位下获得280.8 mA/cm²的电流密度，较未掺杂的NiO（21.7mA/cm²）提升12.9倍，Tafel斜率由63 mV/dec显著降低至25 mV/dec.通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段，对Mo掺杂制备氧空位浓度和Ni³⁺/Ni²⁺摩尔比可调变的NiO催化剂的形成机制和MOR电催化效果进行研究，初步揭示了其原理和构效关联，为设计具有高活性位点浓度的高效直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）阳极催化剂提供了新思路.

外泌体蛋白质组学分析在重大疾病生物标志物筛选、药物靶点发现及功能机制研究中具有重要价值.外泌体和蛋白质均被公认为是极易受处理温度变化影响的研究对象，然而以往研究通常将基于不同富集策略得到的外泌体蛋白质组学分析结果的差异直接归因于不同富集方法的富集选择性和富集效率的不同，关于外泌体富集处理过程中温度的变化对外泌体蛋白质组学分析结果的影响尚未充分讨论.为探究样本处理温度对外泌体蛋白质组学分析结果的影响，本文在4, 25, 37, 45, 60和90℃6种温度条件下分别处理外泌体样本1 h，随后系统分析了样本外泌体的形貌特征、颗粒粒径分布与浓度、特征蛋白质表征含量变化以及蛋白质组学数据.结果表明，不同温度处理的外泌体在形貌和粒径上未表现出显著差异；但随着温度升高，外泌体颗粒的浓度显著下降.当温度超过45℃时，外泌体标志性蛋白TSG101的表征含量显著下降，而外泌体特征膜蛋白CD9的表征含量则显著上升.定量蛋白质组学分析结果进一步表明，在4, 25和37℃下处理的外泌体样本的蛋白质组学数据具有较好的可比性，而45℃及以上温度处理的样本则表现出48种蛋白的显著差异.综上，在进行外泌体蛋白质组学分析时，应充分考虑温度变化对测量结果的潜在影响，以确保数据的可靠性、重现性与可比性.

构建了一种基于金属有机骨架（MOF）材料Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂的荧光策略，用于检测SO₃^2-.首先通过溶剂热法，以均苯四甲酸为有机配体、Ce⁴⁺为中心离子合成了Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂材料，并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等表征手段确认了其结构特征.在Ce-UiO-66-（COOH）₂的催化作用下，SO₃^2-与苯甲酸组成的反应体系中，SO₃^2-被催化转化为硫酸根自由基(SO₄^·-)，进而诱导苯甲酸转化为具有荧光特性的2-羟基苯甲酸（水杨酸），从而实现对SO₃^2-的定量检测.通过荧光光谱和电子自旋共振谱（ESR）验证了该检测过程的机理.考察了反应时间、温度、MOF材料用量及苯甲酸浓度等因素对检测性能的影响，在优化的条件下获得40～120 mmol/L的线性检测范围，检出限达8.3μmol/L.该方法对常见无机阴离子表现出良好的抗干扰性能，可应用于雨水和自来水样品中SO₃^2-的定量检测.

MoS₂具有较好的光催化分解水应用前景，而利用等离激元Ag纳米粒子修饰MoS₂可有效提高其分解水制氢的效率.本文探索了Ag纳米粒子及其热等离激元效应温升对MoS₂-H₂O界面反应的作用机制.通过构建Ag纳米团簇和MoS₂的复合表面模型，利用分子动力学计算了298～368 K温度范围内界面水密度、亥姆霍兹层宽度、表面电势和水扩散系数等界面性质，并结合密度泛函理论计算分析了界面电子转移性质、表面对水分子的吸附能和解吸附时间.结果表明，在MoS₂表面负载Ag纳米粒子后，亥姆霍兹层宽度增加，表面电势下降. Ag纳米粒子与水分子的相互作用提高了MoS₂表面对水分子的吸附能，并使得水分子分层作用范围相对增加.随着温度的升高，Ag/MoS₂表面对水分子的吸附有所减弱，表面双电层分层作用范围增加，水分子的扩散系数也增加.随温度增加水分子的解吸附时间快速减少，而Ag纳米粒子的负载使MoS₂表面对水分子的解吸附时间增加，结合温升对表面电势的影响，界面反应温度宜控制在328 K左右.

In this study， green-emissive carbon dots（G-CDs1） were prepared using salicylic acid and ethylenediamine as precursors through a hydrothermal method， followed by purification via dialysis and column chromatography. G-CDs1 exhibited an emission wavelength of 518 nm and a photoluminescence quantum yield（PLQY） of 22.3%. Structural characterization revealed that G-CDs1 possess a graphitic carbon core and abundant surface functional groups（—OH， —COOH， —NH₂）. Comparative experiments were designed： first， blue-emissive carbon cores were obtained by hydrothermally treating salicylic acid alone； then， these cores were reacted with ethylenediamine to produce green-emissive carbon dots（G-CDs2）. Comparative analysis showed that G-CDs2 and G-CDs1 shared identical fluorescence properties and structural features， revealing a “carbon core-fluorophore” synergistic emission mechanism， where green-emissive fluorophores were generated through defect passivation or surface reaction with ethylenediamine， jointly contributing to the fluorescence emission together with the carbon core. Consequently， a G-CDs1/polyvinylpyrrolidone（PVP） fluorescent ink composite was developed， enabling printed patterns with bright green fluorescence. This research contributes to the development of controllable synthesis， fluorescence mechanism， and applications of carbon dots.

共价有机框架（COFs）是一种新型的共价连接晶体材料,具有结构可预测性和永久孔隙度,被广泛应用于异相催化.本文以光活性芘基团的有机单体（TFPPy）和含苯并噻二唑（BTz）的有机单体作为构筑单元,通过溶剂热法合成了一种Donor-acceptor（D-A）型TFPPy-BTz-COF纳米棒光催化剂.利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪（UV-Vis DRS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和氮气吸附-脱附实验等手段表征了TFPPy-BTz-COF的形貌、结构和组成.得益于D-A型TFPPyBTz-COF纳米棒优异的光生电子分离性能,在室温、氧气氛围及可见光照射条件下,TFPPy-BTz-COF纳米棒可将各种苄胺高效、高选择性催化氧化成相应的偶联产物.结合电子顺磁共振波谱（EPR）和活性物种捕获实验,发现单线态氧（¹O₂）和超氧自由基(O₂^·-)是关键活性氧物种,并提出了TFPPy-BTz-COF可见光催化氧化苄胺偶联反应的催化机理.

随着社会对丙烯需求的增长，发展高效丙烯生产技术无论对于科学研究和经济发展都至关重要.铂基催化剂由于具有较高的丙烷C—H键活化能力和丙烯选择性，在丙烷脱氢(PDH)反应中得到了广泛的研究.然而在丙烷脱氢反应过程中，由于Pt的烧结及积碳导致催化剂快速失活.高稳定性小尺寸Pt基催化剂的开发至关重要.本文以具有限域作用的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSN)为载体，利用过渡金属锌为助剂调控活性组分Pt的电子性质及几何结构，制备了一系列不同锌含量的Ptx Zn/MSN催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 N2气吸附-脱附实验、拉曼光谱、 CO漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对产物进行了表征，并测试了其PDH性能.结果表明,锌的加入使Pt颗粒分割为更小的Pt物种，提高了Pt的分散度，从而减少了副反应的发生，提高了催化剂的稳定性.当锌负载量为0.5%(质量分数）时，Pt0.5Zn/MSN催化剂展示了最高的PDH性能，其中，丙烷初始转化率为47.9%，丙烯选择性为97.0%，反应6 h后，丙烷转化率仍保持在45.8%，选择性在97.0%，丙烯生成速率为0.82 mmol/min·gcat.

<正>《高等学校化学学报》是由教育部主管、吉林大学和南开大学联合主办的综合性化学学术期刊.该刊以研究论文、研究快报和综合评述等形式，报道我国高校及科研院所在化学及相关领域的基础研究、应用研究和重大开发研究所取得的最新成果.作为我国最早被SCI收录的中文期刊之一，《高等学校化学学报》已被二十余种国内外权威检索刊物和数据库收录，并入选“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”.为进一步提升本刊影响力，集中展示国际碳点领域的前沿研究进展，应主编于吉红院士之邀，我们特别组织了本期“碳点：合成、结构与功能”专刊，并邀请活跃于碳点领域的国内外知名研究人员撰写相关的综述与研究论文，以便为读者呈现该领域的最新动向与研究成果.碳点是一类尺寸通常小于10 nm的新型碳基纳米材料，具有优异的光学性质、生物相容性和环境友好性.自2004年首次被报道以来，碳点因其出色的光稳定性、良好的水溶性以及丰富的表面功能化策略，迅速在生物成像、传感检测、光电器件和催化等多个领域展现出广阔的应用前景.

A red fluorescent carbon dots（CDs） with sonodynamic activity were synthesized， and the CDs@AQ4N nano-assemblies were prepared by assembling the hypoxia-activating drug AQ4N， with CDs via electrostatic interaction， hydrogen bonding， and π-π interactions. CDs@AQ4N could effectively generate singlet oxygen（¹O₂） for sonodynamic therapy（SDT） of cancer cells. Moreover， the depletion of intra-tumor oxygen during SDT further exacerbated the tumor hypoxia， which activated AQ4N and converted it into cytotoxic AQ4， enabling fluorescence-imaging-guided combination of SDT and chemotherapy for the treatment of mice tumors. The excellent biosafety of CDs@AQ4N was confirmed by mouse major organ sections， blood routine and blood biochemical analyses.

制备了过渡金属（Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Fe）的5,10,15,20-四苯基卟啉（TPP）配合物,并通过非共价相互作用制得了金属卟啉/多壁碳纳米管（MTPP/MWCNTs）电催化析氢反应（HER）复合材料.结果表明,当金属卟啉的负载量（质量分数）为10%时,复合材料CoTPP/MWCNTs的电催化析氢性能最佳.紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）结果显示,金属卟啉与多壁碳纳米管之间存在较强的π-π相互作用. MTPP/MWCNTs复合材料的催化活性顺序为Co>Cu>Mn>Ni>Fe.其中, CoTPP/MWCNTs在电流密度为10 mA/cm²时的过电位为631 mV,并且具有最小的Tafel斜率（161.3 mV/dec）和电荷转移电阻（10.3Ω）.本文研究表明金属卟啉与多壁碳纳米管的非共价结合是构建复合材料电催化剂的一条有效途径.

Sunscreen absorber， the basic ultraviolet（UV） protection additives that absorb UV rays， is the active ingredient in sunscreen products. However， traditional sunscreen absorbers are known as organic and inorganic chemicals which have problems such as unknown toxicity for human health and environment， instability， poor water solubility， and a narrow range of UV absorption， the study of eco-friendly broad-spectrum sunscreen absorber materials is important for the application of sunscreen products. In recent years， carbon dots have shown good properties in the application of UV absorbers due to their chemistry stability， eco-friendly， excellent UV absorption efficiency. In this study， two kinds of carbon dots（named O-CDs and A-CDs， respectively） were prepared from dopamine hydrochloride and o-phenylenediamine， citric acid and urea independently by simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method， purified by column chromatography and then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）， transmission electron microscopy（TEM）， X-ray diffraction（XRD）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）， Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy（UV-Vis）， and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that a broad-spectrum UV protection material named as B-CDs was developed by mixing O-CDs and A-CDs with the optimized mass ratio of 1∶1.5. In addition， the B-CDs were added as a broad-spectrum UV absorber to polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） solution to prepare the UV protection calligraphy ink， and the sunscreen effect stability of the ink was tested in a certain period（120 h）. The results indicated that the broad-spectrum carbon dots UV absorber is high- efficiency and stable， and carbon dots have the potential to be used as ideal photostable broad-spectrum UV absorber additives for sunscreen products.

反应界面微环境是影响光催化性能的重要因素.本文通过调控光催化剂的表面浸润性来改变反应界面微环境,构筑了高效的三相界面光催化体系,并用于光催化氧化有机物反应中.将二氧化钛（TiO₂）纳米颗粒作为模型光催化剂,通过在其表面接枝聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）以提高疏水性.结果表明,疏水PDMS层使得光催化体系在反应界面处形成了气-液-固三相共存的微环境,极大增加了界面氧气（O₂）的浓度;同时,疏水PDMS层大幅提高了有机分子在催化剂表面的吸附能力.二者的协同作用促进了光催化氧化反应中超氧自由基（^·O₂^-）和羟基自由基（^·OH）的生成,进而提高了光催化氧化反应效率.研究结果为未来设计构筑高效的催化反应体系提供了新思路.

Acetaminophen（APAP） is a drug used to treat headaches and fever symptoms， and its metabolites deplete glutathione（GSH） in the liver and cause oxidative stress. Taking large amounts of APAP in a short period of time can lead to liver failure. Yellow-emissive carbon dots（D-CDs） with strong antioxidant ability and good biocompatibility were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method using catechol（CAT） and 2，5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid（DHTA） as precursors. In the APAP-induced zebrafish liver injury model， in vivo imaging showed that D-CDs could be effectively enriched in the zebrafish liver. The superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and GSH content was increased and the content of malondialdehyde（MDA） was reduced， which finally effectively improved APAP- induced oxidative stress injury in zebrafish.

以聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)为多乙烯基单体(MVMs), 4-氰基-4-(硫代苯甲酰硫基)戊酸(CPADB)为链转移剂，2,2′-偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂，采用一锅法可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法，通过调控反应参数特异性促进聚合过程中大分子间结合，成功合成了两种支化度不同且带有大量悬挂双键的超支化聚乙二醇(HBPs). HBPs可与巯基化明胶(gel-SH)通过硫醇-烯点击化学反应交联形成HBP/gel-SH水凝胶，用于人诱导间充质干细胞(iMSCs)培养.采用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)和核磁共振波谱仪对HBPs的化学组成和结构进行表征.研究结果表明，通过调控PEGDA单体反应浓度及n(PEGDA)∶n(CPADB)∶n(AIBN)能够有效调控HBPs的支化度.流变仪表征结果表明，HBPs和gel-SH能够快速交联，在2 min内形成水凝胶.细胞培养实验证明，HBP/gel-SH水凝胶无明显细胞毒性，且高支化度聚合物形成的水凝胶具有更好的生物相容性.该水凝胶在干细胞培养和扩增领域有广阔的应用前景.

相比传统生物纳米孔薄膜,固态纳米孔薄膜在化学、机械及热稳定性方面表现更优,因此在生物探测和生命健康等领域具有广泛应用前景.本文通过多靶磁控共溅射系统制备银（Ag）纳米线阵列-二氧化硅（SiO₂）复合超材料薄膜,并采用化学湿法刻蚀技术,利用过氧化氢（H₂O₂）刻蚀液选择性溶解Ag纳米线阵列,成功制备了平均直径约为5 nm的SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列薄膜.通过X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱和椭圆偏振光谱等分析手段,证实了Ag纳米线在H₂O₂溶液中完全溶解,并阐明了Ag纳米线与H₂O₂的化学反应机理.此外,利用扫描电子显微镜和小角X射线散射仪对SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列的形貌及微结构尺寸进行了表征.本研究成功制备了直径小于10 nm的SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列结构,为高效制备SiO₂固态纳米孔阵列提供了新的思路.

针对锂金属电池存在锂枝晶生长、不稳定的电极/电解液界面及在乙二醇二甲醚（DME）电解液中氧化稳定性差的问题.本文以三甲氧基（3,3,3-三氟丙基）硅烷（TFS）作为电解液溶剂,结合双氟磺酰亚胺锂（LiFSI）设计了一种新型的氟化硅氧烷电解液.采用密度泛函理论（DFT）和分子动力学模拟（MD）分析了电解液的锂溶剂化结构,通过充放电、循环性能和倍率性能测试对比分析了电池在氟化硅氧烷电解液和二甲醚（DME）电解液中的电化学性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对锂沉积形貌和电极界面成分进行分析.结果表明,TFS中的Si—O键比DME中的C—O键具有更高的键能,这可以增强电解液的氧化稳定性,并能匹配高电压正极材料.TFS溶剂与Li⁺之间呈现相对较弱的结合能力,这种独特的锂溶剂化结构有利于诱导FSI^-阴离子在锂金属负极表面优先分解,并形成富含LiF的固态电解质界面膜（SEI膜）,有效抑制了锂枝晶生长,稳定了电极界面,并提高了锂金属电池的循环寿命.在TFS电解液中,Li‖C u电池在1.0 mA/cm²电流密度下可以稳定循环300次,Li‖L FP全电池在2.0C倍率下经过400次循环后,其放电比容量没有出现明显的衰减,Li‖NCM811全电池在1.0C倍率下经过300次循环后放电比容量保持率仍达83%,显示出优异的循环稳定性.

以刚性离子液体和有机碱为单体,通过自由基共聚法制备了一系列具有高比表面积和大孔结构的多孔聚离子液体.采用魔角旋转固体核磁共振波谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、氮气吸附-脱附实验和热重分析对聚离子液体的结构、形貌和热稳定性进行了表征.结果表明，多孔聚离子液体的比表面积为100.9～374.7 m²/g,孔容为0.41～0.86 cm³/g,活性位点均匀分布在孔隙结构内.多孔聚离子液体同时具有离子液体与有机碱活性中心,能够协同催化CO₂辅助环氧乙烷水合反应,在低水合比（1.5∶1）条件下,乙二醇收率达到96.5%,选择性为96.5%,达到了与均相催化剂相当的催化性能; CO₂的助催化作用改变了水合反应的路径,极大地降低了反应的水合比,提高了乙二醇的选择性.该聚离子液体催化剂具有良好的底物适用性及可回收性,并且在烟气气氛下也具有良好的催化性能.

首先，采用阳极氧化和水热处理技术在钛表面原位制备装载Sr²⁺的TiO₂纳米管阵列；然后，采用电泳沉积的方法在纳米管表面制备羧甲基壳聚糖（CMCS）涂层；最后，依次在纳米管中装载NO释放分子（N-亚硝基-N-苯基羟胺铵盐）和成骨生长肽（OGP）,通过Sr²⁺、NO气体分子以及OGP的协同促进成骨细胞的黏附、生长和功能表达.研究结果表明,功能化的纳米管阵列不仅可以诱导羟基磷灰石（HA）的仿生沉积,还可以持续释放Sr²⁺和NO气体信号分子,显著促进成骨细胞的黏附、增殖以及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨钙素（OCN）和Runt相关转录因子2（RUNX2）的表达.在装载OGP后,成骨细胞的黏附生长和功能表达进一步提高.因此,本文的表面改性策略可用于在钛合金表面构建具有优异生物相容性的生物活性涂层,从而提高钛基骨替代材料的骨整合性能.

偏二甲肼（UDMH）是导弹、卫星和飞船发射试验以及运载火箭的主体燃料，其生产的废水中含有高浓度盐、碱及UDMH，若直接排放会导致水体、土壤污染，严重危害人类健康.本文设计了一种“电渗析+反渗透”双膜法对偏二甲肼高盐废水进行资源化处理，首先，采用电渗析对偏二甲肼废水中的盐、碱等无机物杂质进行脱除，之后利用反渗透进行浓缩，从而实现偏二甲肼的高纯度回收，同时考察了离子交换膜、操作电压、料液流量对电渗析脱盐过程的影响规律，并优化了反渗透浓缩过程的工艺.结果表明，电渗析过程对废水中盐、碱的去除率高达98.6%，而偏二甲肼的损失率则低于13.5%，其电流效率为53.1%，过程能耗约1.02kW·h/kg；反渗透过程可将偏二甲肼浓缩浓度从1.1 g/L浓缩至6.3 g/L，浓缩倍率高达5.6倍，达到了偏二甲肼回收的要求.

Boron-doped carbon dots（B-CDs） synthesized via solid-phase method were employed as electrolyte additives for lithium metal batteries. The carbon dots were prepared through the catalytic pyrolysis of carbon sources in air， highlighting high yield， efficiency， safety， and convenience. Synthesized from 1，3，5-trihydroxy-benzen and boric acid， the B-CDs exhibited excellent dispersibility in carbonate-based electrolytes. The doped boron atoms， serving as electron-deficient centers， could engage fluorinated anion groups through Lewis acid-base interactions， thus inducing uniform lithium-ion deposition on the lithium anode. At an additive concentration of 0.3 mg/mL， a lithium symmetric cell demonstrated stable cycling for 2500 h under a current density of 0.5 mA/cm² and a plating capacity of 0.5 mA·h/cm²， indicating that the carbon dot additive significantly enhanced the reversibility of lithium deposition/dissolution. When these carbon dots were incorporated into electrolytes of a LiFePO₄ full cell， an initial capacity of 144.4 mA·h/g was achieved， with a capacity retention of 95.1% after 100 cycles.

高保真度和低计算成本在燃料的裂解和氧化建模中是极具挑战的任务.本文基于极小化反应网络(MRN)方法,构建了包含正庚烷、正癸烷和正十二烷在内的正构烷烃的裂解动力学机理模型.该多燃料机理包含32个物种和58个反应,基于多尺度裂解实验数据和机理进行了验证.在0.02～5.00 MPa压力范围和573～1732 K温度范围内,该机理对正构烷烃的裂解转化率和产气率随温度、压力和时间变化的预测能力与详细机理相当.特别是在高压条件下,正癸烷和正十二烷的子机理在预测燃料转化率以及烯烃、乙炔等物种浓度分布方面表现出较高的模拟精度,适用于燃料裂解换热的工程数值模拟.裂解机理结合氧化反应可形成燃烧机理.

离子液体的催化活性与其酸度的大小密不可分,而Hammett酸度函数（H₀）是一种表示酸度的重要参数.本文合成了一系列可用于三聚甲醛合成过程的吡咯烷酮类和咪唑类离子液体,并对其在水溶液中的H₀进行了系统的实验和理论研究,比较了阴、阳离子结构和溶剂的选择对酸度的影响规律.研究了盐效应对1-丙基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑甲烷磺酸盐（[C₃SMIM][MSA]）、甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸和硫酸的H₀的影响.结果表明,阴离子对酸度的影响更加显著.当阴离子相同时,阳离子取代基的碳链越长,酸度越强;当阳离子相同时,阴离子的电荷密度越小,酸度越强;对于同一类型的离子液体,磺酸功能化的离子液体比未功能化的离子液体酸度要强.大部分盐类起的是盐析效应,对酸度起增强作用,少数盐会减弱酸度,如对甲苯磺酸钠和1-丙基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑内盐（C₃SMIM）等,这些盐的共同特点是具有较大的离子尺寸,电荷密度较低.

单分子烷氧基胺调控的可逆失活自由基聚合工艺简单，制备的聚合物颜色浅、气味小且不含金属离子杂质，但设计合成可调控聚合甲基丙烯酸酯类单体的烷氧基胺是一项具有挑战性的工作.本文通过席夫碱还原、过氧单磺酸钾(Oxone)氧化和自由基偶联三步反应合成了一种新型的烷氧基胺{3-[(2-氰基丙烷-2-基)氧基](异丙基)氨基}-2,2-二甲基-3-苯基丙腈(CPDMN)，研究了其对甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合的调控性能.研究结果表明，单体转化率随聚合时间的延长线性增加；聚合物分子量随着聚合时间的延长而增大，凝胶色谱流出曲线峰形对称，没有明显的拖尾现象；聚合反应具有可控/“活性”自由基聚合的特点.聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯大分子引发剂(PMMA-ONR)对MMA、苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸乙酯(EMA)的再引发实验进一步证明聚合物末端的烷氧基胺保留率良好.在有氧和CPDMN存在的条件下，MMA单体转化率达91.2%, PMMA分子量分布小于1.5，表明CPDMN可以在有氧条件下调控MMA的聚合.该烷氧基胺拓展了氮氧自由基聚合调控单体的范围，在功能聚合物材料的合成方面具有良好的应用前景.

构建了基于二维Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片/导电科琴黑复合材料的聚甲基丙烯酸分子印迹电化学传感器,用于多巴胺（DA）检测.利用湿法刻蚀技术和超声机械混合法制备了二维Ti₃C₂T_x纳米片（d-Ti₃C₂T_x）/导电科琴黑（KB）复合材料；以DA为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,利用电化学沉积技术在d-Ti₃C₂T_x/KB修饰电极表面制备了选择性识别DA分子的分子印迹聚合物膜.采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜分析了材料的成分及形貌结构,用循环伏安法以铁氰化钾为电子探针考察了修饰电极的电化学性能,用脉冲伏安法（DPV）考察了电极对DA的电化学响应性能.对检测条件如修饰材料质量比、功能与单体之比、电沉积圈数、富集时间及p H等参数进行了优化.检测结果显示,所构筑的传感器对DA有较高的DPV电化学响应性,线性检测范围为1×10^-6～1×10^-2 mol/L,检出限为4.228μmol/L（S/N=3）.该传感器具有良好的抗干扰性和重复性.采用标准加入法检测了非侵入性尿液样品中的DA,加标回收率为82.5%～93.75%,RSD均低于5%.构筑的传感器具有较高的灵敏度和可靠性,为DA检测提供了可借鉴和参考的方法和思路.

Cell derived fluorescent carbon points（CDs） were synthesized via one step hydrothermal method. It is found that the CDs have excellent peroxide-like catalytic activity， which can catalyze the hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical. Based on this， the hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidation and CDs could consecutively oxidize p-phenylenediamine（PPD） to produce PPDox［2，5-Diamino-N，N′-di-（4-aminophenyl）-2，5-cyclohexadiene-1，4-diimine］. By virtue of the inner filer effect of PPDox on CDs， a dual-mode colorimetric and fluorescent detection of glucose was establised. The limit of detection of the present assay are 41 µmol/L and 13 µmol/L for the colorimetric method and the fluorescence method， respectively. In this work， CDs can not only be used as a peroxide-like enzyme to catalyze hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical for PPD oxidation， but also be used as a fluorescent indicator to indicate the change of glucose concentration through the internal filtration effect.

A method for regulating the trap levels of matrix-free carbon dots（CDs） through boron（B） doping is demonstrated， significantly prolonging their afterglow duration. Further studies reveal that B is incorporated into the CDs in the forms of B—N and B—C bonds when the CDs are synthesized from 1，4-phenylenediboronic acid， sodium hydroxide， and melamine. The B content increases with the proportion of the B source（i.e.， 1，4-phenylenediboronic acid）. This process not only enhances the trap density in the CDs but also increases the energy level difference between the trap energy level and the excited triplet state. Moreover， the elevated levels of C=O and C=N bonds facilitate the generation of triplet excitons and intersystem crossing. As traps capture and store triplet excitons for gradual release， the afterglow lifetime of CDs is extended from 0.764 s to 1.224 s， effectively quadrupling the afterglow duration. Finally， based on variations in their afterglow durations， potential applications for information storage and encryption using these CDs are demonstrated.

采用DNA模板法合成了聚胸腺嘧啶-铜纳米簇[poly（T）-CuNCs]/适体-金纳米粒子（aptamer-AuNPs）荧光探针，用于微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的高灵敏传感检测.设计了3条DNA核苷酸链：MC-LR适体链（aptamer）和2条聚胸腺嘧啶单链DNA[poly（T） S1和(poly（T） S2].以poly（T） S1和poly（T） S2为模板，利用抗坏血酸（AA）还原Cu²⁺，合成了具有粉红色荧光的poly（T） S1-CuNCs和poly（T） S2-CuNCs.两端巯基标记的aptamer通过Au—S键与AuNPs相连形成AuNPs-aptamer-AuNPs共轭物，后者与poly（T）-CuNCs杂交形成dsDNA-CuNCs，双链结构中CuNCs与AuNPs之间由于荧光共振能量转移（FRET）导致体系荧光猝灭.加入目标物MC-LR后，MC-LR会与dsDNA-CuNCs中的aptamer特异性结合，引起双链结构解体，poly（T）-CuNCs释放至溶液中，体系荧光得以恢复.基于此，构建了一种“off-on”型荧光探针用于MC-LR检测，该方法对MC-LR的线性范围为1 ng/L～500μg/L，检出限为0.3 ng/L（S/N=3）. Poly（T）-CuNCs/aptamer-AuNPs荧光适体探针制备简单、选择性高，可用于实际水样中MC-LR定量分析.

细胞通讯等动态复杂的生命活动需要多种膜受体的参与.核酸探针是开发膜受体可视化分析策略的重要分子工具.本文从非共价靶向识别和共价偶联两种策略类型总结了基于核酸的蛋白标记技术，系统介绍了这些标记技术在膜受体表达水平、糖型以及相互作用等重要分子信息的可视化分析方面取得的最新研究进展，并对该领域的挑战和未来发展方向进行了阐述和展望.

在二氧化碳电还原反应（ECO₂RR）中，催化材料面临着实际应用条件复杂的挑战，尤其是在耐毒化方面.本文使用商业化多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT），通过先引入氮元素再脱除的方法，制备了富含石墨化碳缺陷的材料，利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、球差校正的环形明场扫描透射电子显微镜（AC ABF-STEM）、 X射线衍射仪（XRD）、 X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和拉曼光谱仪（Raman）对催化剂的形貌、晶体结构、元素组成和缺陷程度进行分析表征.基于流动池测试体系的结果表明，具有缺陷的碳纳米管的电化学CO₂还原活性远高于未经处理的原始碳纳米管，且催化性能随缺陷程度的增大而升高.其中缺陷程度最高的MWCNT-N-800在宽电位范围内展现出优异的将CO₂还原为CO的活性，CO法拉第效率最高可达99%以上，电流密度大于200 mA/cm².此外，在模拟含有毒化物质的烟道气条件下，MWCNT-N-800的CO法拉第效率依然保持在96%以上，展现出良好的耐毒化性能.

Carbon nanodots（CDs） with concentration-dependent fluorescence were synthesized with citric acid and urea as precursors in N，N-dimethylformamide through solvothermal strategy. The CDs solution was diluted with deionized water at various ratios. The energy transfer between the CDs particles gradually weakened when the dilution ratio increased， leading to a shift in fluorescence color from red to blue and an enhancement in emission intensity. A systematic investigation on the concentration effects on the fluorescence emission properties of CDs were conducted with a chromatography separation techniques， revealing that the as-prepared CDs solution contained the multicolor components and the fluorescence variations in CDs solutions were attributed to Förster resonance energy transfer and reabsorption energy transfer. Thus， the precise regulation of multicolor CDs phosphors was further achieved with the starch as confined matrix to regulate the energy transfer between CDs. These findings present a new strategy to regulate the optical properties of CDs and pave a new insight the applications of fluorescence labeling and display technology.

In this work， iron-doped carbon dots（Fe-CDs） with strong peroxidase-mimicking activity were synthesized for tumor-specific therapy. Their intrinsic red fluorescence enabled high-contrast cellular imaging， revealing preferential mitochondrial accumulation. In the acidic and hydrogen peroxide（H₂O₂）-rich tumor microenvironment， Fe-CDs catalyzed hydroxyl radical（•OH） generation， inducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation， ultimately triggering ferroptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated potent tumor inhibition. Furthermore， Fe-CDs exhibited excellent biocompatibility with no significant systemic toxicity. By integrating fluorescence imaging and catalytic therapy， this study presents a promising nanoplatform for tumor treatment and ferroptosis research.

An active shrinkage hydrogel based on red emissive carbon dots（CDs） photosensitizers（PSs） was developed for bacterial infected wound healing. The hydrogel was prepared by using N-isopropylacrylamide （NIPAM）， sodium alginate（SA） and CDs PSs as precursors through free radical polymerization and calcium ion cross-linking. The hydrogel could release CDs PSs at body temperature（37 ℃） due to the active shrinkage of the hydrogel. Upon light irradiation， the released CDs PSs can generate singlet oxygen to kill bacteria effectively in the wound site leading to rapid wound healing. In vitro and in vivo results suggest that the developed active shrinkage hydrogel has good drug release， photodynamic antibacterial effects and the ability to accelerate wound healing， thus providing a new type of hydrogel for clinical wound management.

In this work， the yellow-green carbon dots（λ _ex=440 nm） with a fluorescence emission wavelength of 535 nm were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method using dopamine hydrochloride and o-phenylenediamine as raw materials， and then used as fluorescent marker materials for NO₂ ^‒ detection in water samples after purified and separated. The size of the carbon dots is about 3 nm with good dispersion， excellent salt resistance， stable fluorescence under a broad pH value. However， nitrite contaminants in water sources can cause methemoglobinemia disease and has potential carcinogenic risk. The results of the selectivity of the yellow-green carbon dots prepared to detect common contaminants in water samples showed that the carbon dots had a highly specific response to nitrite， and the detection limit was 0.1166 μg/mL（S/N=3， n=3）， which meets the requirements of Chinese national standards for determination of NO₂ ^‒ in drinking water（≤1 μg/mL）. The detection range of 0—60 μg/mL fits the Stern-Volmer equation， and the range of 0—10 μg/mL（y=0.02x+0.000876， R ²=0.9868） and 12—60 μg/mL（y=0.011x+0.198， R ²=0.9937） have good linear responses. In addition， the recoveries of three spiked water samples are from 90.8% to 100.8%（RSD=0.03%—0.86%， n=3） for the validation test. The method of the fluorescent carbon dots marker for contaminants developed in this work is fast and simple， low-cost and has greatly potential in trace nitrite analysis and can be an effective supplementary method for the monitoring of drinking water sources quality.

以酪蛋白为载体，将第一代Grubbs催化剂与6-甲氧基-2-萘乙烯相结合的荧光探针（P3）包覆在蛋白疏水袋中制成水溶性荧光探针(C-E-P).对P3的性能测试表明，其对乙烯表现出良好的线性关系、快速的响应时间和高选择性.将P3包覆于酪蛋白制成的水溶性探针C-E-P能够实现对苹果、苦水玫瑰和芦荟组织乙烯释放的荧光成像，并可用于白熟期番茄成熟过程中组织的乙烯变化监测，发现种子的乙烯释放峰值先于果皮出现.本文开发的C-E-P探针能够有效捕捉植物组织中乙烯的释放信息，为农业生产中果实成熟和植物健康监测提供了一种有效的工具.