造血干细胞移植（hematopoietic stem cell transplantation，HSCT）是目前血液系统疾病治疗的重要手段。近年来，随着HSCT技术的日益成熟和完善，越来越多的患者实现了移植后的长生存，但移植本身仍然是一种高风险的治疗方法，移植后相关并发症的发生是阻碍移植后患者长期生存的一道难关。其中，移植相关血栓性微血管病（transplantation associated thrombotic microangiopathy，TA-TMA）、闭塞性细支气管炎综合征（bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome，BOS）和移植后淋巴增殖性疾病（post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease，PTLD），3种并发症虽然发病率较低，但死亡率极高，一旦发生会对患者的生存及生活质量带来较大影响。因此，重视移植后少见严重并发症是提高移植患者生存率和生活质量的重要内容。

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（HSCT） holds significant therapeutic value in the treatment of both benign and malignant hematological disorders. In recent years，as the HSCT technology has continued to advance and improve，an increasing number of patients have achieved prolonged survival post-transplantation. However，transplantation remains a high-risk treatment modality. A major challenge in the overall management of transplant recipients is the development of post-transplant complications，which represents a significant barrier to long-term patient survival. There are several rare but severe post-transplant complications that clinicians must be vigilant about，such as transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy，bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome，and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Although the incidence of these complications is relatively low，their associated mortality rates are high，and they can have a profound impact on the survival and quality of life of patients. Therefore，maintaining a keen awareness of rare and severe post-transplant complications is crucial for improving the survival rate of transplant recipients and their quality of life.