Lingual nerve dysfunction (LND) belongs to the complications resulting from tooth extraction surgery. This condition is mainly characterized by abnormal sensations, such as numbness and tingling of the ipsilateral lingual nerve innervation area, with or without decreased/loss of taste. The symptoms of LND can be evoked or improved through frequent movements of the tongue and excessive local stimulation. LND poses negative effects, which are usually intolerable, on the quality of life and psychology of patients. Such condition prompts patients to seek medical assistance to alle-viate or eliminate their discomfort. LND is caused by complex conditions and involves diverse clinical manifestations. Despite the progress of nerve reconstruction techniques, the mechanism underlying the functional recovery of lingual nerve remains incompletely understood, and the treatment effect is still unpredictable. Therefore, the risk prediction, syndrome assessment, treatment, and prognosis of LND still present a challenge to dentists and clinicians. This article reviews the research progress on LND, including its etiology, manifestations, clinical evaluation, treatment methods (including nonsurgical and surgical treatment methods), and prognosis.

The restoration space should be fully considered in designing the implant restoration for edentulous patients to accommodate the superstructure of implant dentures and prostheses and select the appropriate restoration method. However, no unified standard exists for the evaluation of restoration space in clinical practice. Mechanical or biological complications of implant dentures occur when the restorative space in the mouth does not match the prosthesis design. This study recommends recording the correct jaw relation retained by natural teeth or old dentures before implant treatment in edentulous patients. The complete digital information of the patient’s oral and maxillofacial region can be obtained using digital technology, and a three-dimensional virtual dental patient model can be constructed. A functional and aesthetically oriented implant restoration plan can be designed according to the measured vertical restoration space and horizontal relationship.

Precise torque expression and stable anchorage control are key points in orthodontic treatment. The concern of patients’ quality of life and oral health during orthodontic treatment is increasing. However, most orthodontic instruments cannot achieve the goals mentioned above. A spherical bracket exhibits advantages in these aspects and mitigates these problems to a certain extent. The spherical surface decreases the ulcer rate. Biofilm formation is inhibited, thereby reducing the probability of gum and periodontal disease occurrence. The bonding failure rate of the spherical bracket is lower than that of other self-ligating brackets by 95%. The lock-hook system is the most innovative aspect of the spherical bracket. The system contains thread, screw, and arch wire systems. The lock-hook system benefits torque expression because of its mitigating function. Furthermore, it improves the stability of anchorage when the lock screw is applied. The arch wire system containing three unique wires (0.152 4 mm×0.635 0 mm, 0.203 2 mm×0.584 2 mm, 0.254 0 mm×0.558 8 mm) can be used by orthodontist to control torque with light force during alignment. Therefore, the spherical bracket has gained increasing interest because of its outstanding performance such as comfort, low bonding failure rate, accurate torque expression, stable anchorage, and light force.

Heart failure (HF) is a serious manifestation or terminal stage of various heart diseases, seriously affecting the physical and mental health of patients. Its etiology is explored through many aspects, among which the influence of inflammation on the HF process is a scholarly research hotspot. Periodontitis is a destructive disease of periodontal soft and hard tissues caused by plaque biofilm and is one of the two major oral diseases. Periodontitis is reportedly associated significantly with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between periodontitis and HF and its mechanism remain in the initial stage of research. Periodontal pathogens and their toxic products can reportedly affect myocardial function directly and indirectly, thereby affecting HF progression. This work provides a review of the progress of research on perio-dontitis and HF to provide some research ideas for the joint prevention and treatment of periodontitis and CVD.

Vital tooth bleaching is one of the effective methods for the minimally invasive treatment of discolored tooth. Tooth bleaching techniques is simpler than other dental treatments, but challenges are still encountered in clinical practice. For a successful treatment, some key issues must be addressed through doctor-patient communication before treatment, and personalized treatment plans based on the etiology and difficulty of cases and the planned prevention and management of potential clinical complications during treatment must be considered. This article combines literature review and the author’s clinical experience to discuss clinical strategies for tooth-whitening treatment, aiming to provide a reference for dental bleaching treatment in clinical settings.

During orthodontic treatment, the existence of orthodontic appliances and residual adhesives, as well as the resultant difficulty in oral hygiene, can lead to enamel demineralization, which is one of the most common side effects of orthodontics. Orthodontic enamel demineralization is often manifested as chalky spots on the labial surface of teeth, which can not only negatively affect dental appearance and reduce orthodontic patients’ satisfaction but also result in ca-ries and jeopardize oral health in severe cases. Improving our understanding of enamel demineralization’s risk factors and phenotypic characteristics is crucial to promote precise prevention and control of orthodontic enamel demineralization. This review aims to summarize the recent literature regarding risk factors of orthodontic enamel demineralization. It focuses on the association between orthodontic enamel demineralization and tooth position, oral hygiene, dietary habits, treatment time, type of appliances, changes in microflora, and 6-n-propylthiouracil individual taste sensitivity.

Pulp calcification is an ageing change or pathologic reaction of pulp tissue. When endodontic or periapical disease is accompanied with pulp calcification, root canal therapy is the primary treatment modality. However, calcified root canals are usually hard to prepare, which can easily lead to complications such as root canal lateral penetration, step formation, and instrument separation, resulting in a high rate of treatment failure and causing great difficulties for clinicians. The success rate of calcified root canal treatment has increased significantly with the application and promotion of micro-ultrasound and guided endodontics in calcified root canal treatment. This article summarizes the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of pulp calcification based on several literature reviews to provide appropriate treatment stra-tegies and protocols for dental clinicians.

Objective This study aimed to explore the genetic polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin (IL)-17 genes and their correlation with oral lichen planus (OLP). Methods DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of patients in the case (OLP group) and control (non-OLP population) groups were selected as the research subjects. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were attempted in our study, namely, rs5743312 in TLR3, rs121917864 in TLR2, and five others (rs4711998, rs3819024, rs8193036, rs3748067, and rs17878530) in IL-17A. High resolution melting curve analysis was used to detect the gene polymorphism of PCR products in peripheral blood cells and compared with DNA sequencing. The correlation between polymorphic sites and the occurrence of OLP was statistically analyzed. Results We found that rs5743312 (TLR3) and rs3819024 (IL-17A) had a statistically significant association with OLP (P<0.05). The remaining five SNPs cannot be tested for association with OLP. Conclusion rs5743312 (TLR3) and rs-3819024 (IL-17A) may contribute to the initiation of OLP.

牙颌干细胞容易获得，技术和伦理的制约问题较少，且具有更强的增殖能力和更稳定的形态。免疫细胞在体内分布广泛，可以和牙颌干细胞相互调控，这有利于组织稳态和炎症性疾病的治疗，进一步研究其相互调控机制，具有重要的临床意义。牙颌干细胞和免疫细胞的交互调控作用可以控制牙颌干细胞的生物学行为，调节局部炎症微环境，合理的应用可以促进组织再生和炎症的治疗。但牙颌干细胞和免疫细胞的交互调控机制大部分尚未明确，已发现的机制缺少临床试验佐证，在应用于临床治疗前还需进一步探索。本文归纳总结牙颌干细胞与免疫细胞之间的相互调控作用和机制，以期在临床应用中提供参考。

牙周炎的传统治疗方法为包括龈上洁治术、龈下刮治术及根面平整术在内的牙周非手术治疗、牙周手术治疗等。这些治疗方法的效果明确，但存在一定的限制。非手术治疗可能会因视野不清，难以直视等原因影响牙石清除率；手术治疗可能因患者存在手术禁忌证或惧怕手术而难以适用。牙周内镜具有可视性及微创性，可以在损伤较小的情况下引导医生更清晰地观察并清除龈下牙石，为获得理想的治疗效果，提高患者满意度提供了一定的可能性。牙周内镜还可用于辅助牙周牙体疾病的诊断、牙周手术及种植体周围炎的治疗；在临床教学中应用时，可以加深学生对牙周诊疗工作的认识。虽然其诊断及治疗效果仍然存在一定的局限性和争议，但为牙周疾病的临床防治提供了新的思路和方法。本文对牙周内镜在临床诊疗中的应用进展进行综述。

口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）是口腔颌面部最常见的恶性肿瘤。在制定该疾病的治疗方案时，正确评估颈部淋巴结的分期至关重要。准确的临床分期可以避免不必要的颈淋巴结清扫术以及术后并发症。利用传统的影像学技术评估淋巴结性质时，主要依靠淋巴结的大小和形态进行评估，存在主观偏向性。为了提供更加客观准确的数据，影像组学将图像转换为可由软件处理的定量变量。通过应用影像组学技术，医生能够利用定量的数据来评估淋巴结的性质，并根据这些结果制定更个性化的治疗方案。本文综述了影像组学在OSCC颈部淋巴结转移方面的应用。

目的 基于公共数据库探索微小RNA (miRNA) 200a/141、信号转导和转录激活因子4 (STAT4)在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）中的表达及临床意义并构建预后模型，探讨其作为潜在治疗靶点的可行性。通过体外实验验证仿生明胶外泌体颗粒递送miRNA200a/141进而调节STAT4，评估在OSCC的细胞和分子水平上的核酸保护能力及抗癌作用。方法 通过癌症基因组图谱数据库下载OSCC相关miRNA及信使RNA表达测序数据，使用R语言进行数据分析，评估miRNA200a/141与STAT4的表达水平和临床相关性。制备负载miRNA200a/141的仿生明胶外泌体纳米颗粒（GNP-EXO-miRNA200a/141），进行Transwell迁移、细胞划痕和四甲基偶氮唑蓝实验，评估纳米颗粒对SCC25细胞的作用，并通过定量聚合酶链式反应和蛋白质免疫印迹法检测其对SCC25细胞中STAT4表达的影响。结果 miRNA200a/141在OSCC组织中的表达水平显著降低，而其靶标STAT4的表达水平升高，两者呈负相关。制备的GNP-EXO-miRNA200a/141纳米颗粒具有良好的粒径分布和稳定性。在细胞实验中，GNPEXO-miRNA200a/141显著抑制了SCC25细胞的增殖和迁移，并显著下调了STAT4的表达。结论 miRNA200a/141通过调节STAT4在OSCC中发挥重要作用，其有望成为OSCC的诊断、治疗和预后的潜在的分子标志物和治疗靶点。

牙骨质—骨结构不良（COD）是一类较为常见的发生在颌骨承牙区的纤维骨病变，在缺牙区牙槽骨内偶有发现，这为种植治疗的选择与设计带来一定的困扰。影像学检查在COD的诊断中具有关键作用，也是后续随访的主要手段。本文通过总结COD的临床、影像、病理特征，结合分析既往相关的种植成功与失败病例，认为COD通常并非种植的禁忌证。基于此，笔者提出了针对COD区域种植的治疗建议，以期提高该患者群体种植治疗的成功率。

本文报道了1例改良冠向复位隧道技术联合上皮下结缔组织移植术，并采用双交叉悬吊缝合技术治疗多牙位牙龈退缩的病例。该患者主要表现为Cairo 1类与2类多牙位牙龈退缩，治疗过程中，首先进行了牙周基础治疗，其次分期采用改良冠向复位微创隧道下结缔组织移植术联合双交叉悬吊缝合技术完成根面覆盖术。术后随访12、24及36个月，根面覆盖率达100%，颜色、形态均符合美学要求，且长期疗效稳定。

前牙美学区由于牙周炎、局部解剖因素、机械损伤或异常力等原因易出现牙龈退缩、牙齿移位形成的“黑三角”的现象，是目前口腔临床治疗的难点之一。血管化腭骨膜间结缔组织（VIP-CT）瓣是一种上腭前蒂结缔组织瓣，血供充足，可促进骨移植物成骨，改善邻间隙软组织缺损。本文报道了1例前牙区牙龈退缩伴牙齿移位、龈乳头缺失的病例，经过VIP-CT转瓣移植和骨增量手术后软硬组织状况显著改善，随后联合冠修复恢复邻面触点，最终有效重建了美学区龈乳头，获得了理想的美学结果。

竞争性内源性RNA (ceRNA)可以通过转录调节炎症相关介质的反应进而调控牙周炎的进展。ceRNA，包括长链非编码RNA、环状RNA、信使RNA等，可与微小RNA结合，构成ceRNA网络，调控下游靶基因的表达，影响牙周炎的发生、发展。本文总结了已经通过实验验证的ceRNA在调控牙周炎发生发展中的作用及机制，对包括抑制和促进牙周炎发生发展两个方面的研究进展进行综述，为未来牙周炎的研究提供新思路。

腭瘘是腭裂术后的并发症之一，影响患者的口腔卫生、语言功能及心理健康。腭瘘的影响因素和修复方法，如何在修复的同时降低其复发率以及恢复生理功能和美观，是腭瘘修复的研究重点。本文着重叙述了可能导致腭瘘发生的相关因素，如腭裂类型、腭裂宽度、修复术式，以及修复时患者年龄等；进而讨论了腭瘘修复的外科手段，对各种组织瓣的应用进行了分析比较；最后介绍了使用新型材料，包括脱细胞真皮基质、引导组织再生膜、胶原膜和新微创方法修复腭瘘的效果。

目的 制备并表征负载黄连素的同轴静电纺丝膜，评价其体外抑制牙周致病菌和生物膜的作用。方法采用同轴静电纺丝法制备负载黄连素的聚己内酯/明胶膜（PCL/Gel-BBR）并对其进行表征检测，黄连素负载质量分数分别为0.25%、0.5%、1.0%。通过抑菌试验评价载药膜对牙龈卟啉单胞菌（P. gingivalis,ATCC 33277）及具核梭杆菌（F. nucleatum,ATCC 25586）增殖的抑制作用。采用结晶紫染色法、苯酚-硫酸法、菌落计数法、活/死细菌染色等综合评价载药膜对P. gingivalis和F. nucleatum双菌种生物膜的影响。采用CCK-8法和共聚焦显微镜检测载药膜的细胞毒性。结果 同轴黄连素载药膜理化性能良好且能在体外稳定释放黄连素。1.0%黄连素载药膜可以有效抑制P. gingivalis和F. nucleatum的增殖，对双菌种生物膜的形成和活性也有抑制作用，且以上效应呈现浓度依赖性。黄连素载药膜体外生物相容性良好。结论 负载黄连素的同轴静电纺丝膜具备体外抑制牙周致病菌进而抑制生物膜形成的作用，生物相容性良好，有望用于牙周药物递送以辅助牙周炎治疗或预防牙周术后感染。

牙齿漂白是应用漂白剂改善由疾病、年龄增长、食物和饮料染色以及抽烟等原因导致的牙齿结构着色的方法。传统漂白剂主要通过过氧化氢产生活性氧，发生氧化还原反应将有机色素分子转化为浅色化合物发挥漂白功效。但过氧化氢的漂白效果尚需要提升，且存在导致牙齿敏感和釉质脱矿的风险。针对这些问题，近年来在牙齿漂白剂研究方面取得了一些新的进展，本文将围绕非过氧化物类漂白功效成分、过氧化氢催化新方式、减少漂白不良反应新策略等方面进行综述。

替牙期的口腔不良习惯及错畸形可能会影响儿童口颌系统的健康发育，对已表现出的错畸形或有错畸形趋势的患者常需介入正畸治疗，以阻断或预防错畸形的进一步发展，以促进儿童牙颌发育和颅颌面的生长。替牙期大多数恒牙的牙根尚未发育完全，此阶段的正畸治疗是否会影响牙根的继续发育，尚无明确定论。本文从临床角度出发，对替牙期应用上颌扩弓治疗、固定矫治、功能矫治、口外矫形治疗等正畸治疗方式对牙根发育的影响进行综述，以期为临床应用和研究提供参考依据。

金属基纳米粒子具有良好的理化特性、生物相容性，以及特殊的光学和磁性能，广泛应用于口腔医学领域。金属基纳米材料可通过多种机制产生抗菌性能，包括氧化应激反应，直接破坏细菌细胞壁及细胞膜，以及释放金属离子等。根管治疗的目标是彻底消除根管系统内的感染，金属基纳米粒子可作为根管冲洗液、诊间药物和根管充填材料在根管治疗中发挥抗菌作用。目前在牙髓病学中有关银纳米粒子的研究比较充分。与传统的根管治疗材料相比，金属基纳米粒子具有更优良的抗菌表现。本综述为利用金属纳米粒子开发新的控制根管感染措施提供了思路和参考。

牙周炎是以牙周组织炎症和牙槽骨吸收为主要特征的慢性感染性疾病。血清淀粉样蛋白A (SAA)是一种急性期反应蛋白，在机体受到感染、创伤、炎症等刺激后，血清SAA水平迅速升高，发挥免疫调节作用。近年来，对SAA的基因调控、蛋白结构及生物学功能的研究逐渐深入，发现SAA通过调节炎症介质的释放和免疫细胞的功能，促进破骨细胞分化及骨吸收，与牙周炎的发生发展密切相关。本文就SAA的分类、结构、功能及其在牙周炎中的作用机制研究进展做一综述，以期为牙周炎发生发展机制研究和牙周炎防治策略提供新线索。

近年来，随着纳米材料的发展和新型诊疗模式的进步，纳米医疗得到了研究者的广泛关注。碳点是一种具备荧光性能的零维纳米材料，可用于口腔癌诊疗，在提高检测灵敏度、减少药物不良反应及增强疗效上有明朗的前景，为口腔癌的诊疗提供了新的切入点。本文对基于碳点的口腔癌诊疗策略的研究进展进行综述，包括碳点在口腔癌的诊断、化学治疗、光动力治疗、光热治疗以及免疫治疗中的研究和应用，探讨碳点在口腔癌诊疗中的可行性，并对其在生物医学领域的进一步发展作出展望。

目前临床应用的牙齿漂白材料主要以过氧化氢作为功能成分。为达到有效的漂白效果，通常需要使用高浓度过氧化氢或较长的接触时间。然而，高浓度过氧化氢或长接触时间常导致牙齿敏感、釉质损伤、软组织损伤等不良反应，这极大地限制了牙齿漂白材料的临床应用。近年来，以产生大量强氧化性自由基或者活性氧为特点的高级氧化技术飞速发展，为研发新型牙齿漂白材料提供了新策略和新方法，可望提高牙齿漂白的治疗效果并减少或避免其并发症。本文系统性地总结了牙齿漂白材料的研究新进展，着重介绍其种类、作用机制、有效性和安全性评价结果。同时，也对研究中存在的不足以及未来发展方向进行了评述。

The development of hard tissue is a crucial aspect of organismic development. The small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein family plays a pivotal role in regulating hard tissue development, including promoting the differentiation of stem cells into odontoblasts or osteoblasts and regulating the gene expression of these cells. Research showed that mutations in the genes encoding this protein family can lead to abnormal mineralization of hard tissue, resul-ting in diseases such as hypophosphatemic rickets and dentinogenesis imperfecta. In recent years, scholars have conducted in-depth research on this protein family involved in hard tissue development. These studies have revealed the main mole-cular regulatory mechanism of the protein family and deepened our understanding of its role and mechanism. This review summarizes the role and the associated molecular regulatory mechanisms of the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein family in regulating hard tissue development.

Objective The aim of the study was to explore the correlation between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphological characteristics and mandibular growth potential by measuring the three-dimensional growth of the mandible before and after the growth spurt in adolescents with different TMJ morphological characteristics. Methods A transverse sample of 226 adolescents with normal growth and without orthodontic treatment was selected, and the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image of each patient was collected. All the samples were divided into pre-growth groups and post-growth groups based on the stages of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion. The condylar position, condylar height-neck ratio, condylar angle, and condylar head vertical angle were measured and calculated. According to the measurement results, all the samples were divided into groups with different TMJ morphological characteristics, and each group’s mandibular three-dimensional growth was measured and analyzed. Results Regardless where the condyle was located in the joint fossa, a significant increase in mandibular length and height was observed during the growth spurt. When the condyle was not in the median position, the growth of mandibular width was statistically significant. The growth of mandibles with short and thick condyles was significant in all directions, whereas the growth of those with long and thin condyles was statistically significant in length and height but not in width. The growth of mandibles with relatively large condyle angle was statistically significant in all three-dimensional directions, whereas those with relatively small condyle angle showed statistical significance in length and height but not in width. Mandibles with relatively large condylar head vertical angle showed significant growth in the length and height but not in width, whereas mandibles with relatively small condylar head vertical angle had statistically significant length and width growth, with no statistical significance in height. Conclusion 　The morphological characteristics of the TMJ can be used as a reference index to predict the growth potential of the mandible. The growth volume of mandibles with different TMJ characteristics changes in various directions.

Sticky bone comprises autogenous platelet concentrates and bone-particle grafts. It exhibits favorable plasti-city and stability for fitting various bone defects and maintaining bone-regeneration space. Angiogenesis and tissue healing are promoted by the release of leukocytes and various growth factors from autogenous platelet concentrates. Sticky bone is currently being gradually applied in oral implantology and periodontology, and positive results have been obtained. This review briefly describes the composition, preparation protocol, and mechanism of sticky bone. Its applications in alveolar bone augmentation, immediate implant placement, alveolar ridge preservation, maxillary sinus floor elevation, and periodontal surgery are also outlined. This work can serve as a reference for further research on sticky bone and its clinical application.

The posterior maxillary teeth are common sites of endodontic periapical diseases and are connected to the maxillary sinus, facilitating the spread of infection and leading to odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. The maxillary tooth-bone-sinus complex exhibits a close anatomical relationship, necessitating procedures for refractory cases. For surgical access, microscopic apical surgery is often combined with maxillary sinus floor elevation, termed “natural tooth-related maxillary sinus floor elevation”, to ensure therapeutic efficacy and reduce complications. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the application scenarios, advantages, indications and contraindications, treatment planning, and selection of surgical procedures for tooth preservation-related maxillary sinus floor elevation. Drawing from a combination of literature review and clinical experience, this work explores the clinical applications of this technique and provide preliminary theoretical guidance on its clinical application and a solid foundation for further standardization of the clinical operation path and multidisciplinary joint management strategy.

The homeobox gene is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor containing homologous domain, and its encoded transcription regulatory factor plays an important role in organogenesis. Several subfamilies of the homeobox gene family are involved in the development of the maxillofacial region in vertebrates, and their abnormal expression is closely related to the occurrence of congenitally missing teeth. With the development of molecular genetics, genetic engineering, and human genome project, the study of newly discovered homeobox genes, mutation types, and expression patterns is becoming the main research direction of congenitally missing teeth diseases. This study reviews the literature on the latest research progress of homeobox genes in recent years, the expression patterns and molecular mechanisms of homeobox genes related to congenitally missing teeth, and the application prospect of homologous box gene in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of congenital missing teeth.

As the gate of the human body, the oral cavity tends to be exposed to physiochemical and biological factors that damage mucosal integrity, bringing inconvenience to patients’ daily lives. A variety of wound dressings with adhesion, hemostasis, drug loading, and antibacterial functions have been developed and applied for oral wound treatment. These novel dressing materials are superior to traditional treatments in terms of use, pain relief, and wound healing. This review summarizes the types and application scenarios of existing intraoral wound dressings. The design features and challenges have been discussed, and some future study directions are suggested.

The preservation of low occlusal-gingival distance, few residual dental tissues, and dead pulp molar after root canal treatment has good prospects given the updating and upgrading of adhesive materials, the rapid progress of radical pulp technology, and the rapid development of restorative production technology. The preservation of natural teeth and the continuation of residual crown function have made the repairing concept of endocrown accepted and recognized by clinicians. Stress analysis using finite element method has the advantages of being efficient, accurate, and reproducible. This paper reviews the application of finite element method in endocrown repair and discusses precautions in endocrown repair.

The prevalence rate of periodontal diseases is high among adults. The proportion of adults seeking orthodontic treatment increases every year; therefore, the relationship between periodontal health status and orthodontic treatment has become the focus of clinicians. The mode of combined orthodontic-periodontal treatment has gradually formed. For severe periodontitis with pathologic tooth migration, orthodontic treatment can improve and stabilize the effect of conventional periodontal treatment. Conventional periodontal treatment can prevent periodontal tissue risks associated with or-thodontic treatment, ensure the health of periodontal tissue, and contribute to the balance, stability, and aesthetics of or-thodontic treatment. This article briefly demonstrates the research progress on combined orthodontic-periodontal treatment in promoting periodontal health from three aspects: the relationship between orthodontic treatment and periodontal health, the application of orthodontic treatment in periodontal system treatment, and periodontal escort for orthodontic treatment.

Computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing and molding technology can preform the target bone block, which is suitable for the recipient area. It is often used in complex alveolar ridge augmentation surgery. The digital design and production of personalized allogeneic bone block can prevent the traditional step of chair-side bone block forming, increase the efficiency of clinical operation, improve the precision of graft adaptation, and facilitate the vascularization and osseointegration of the graft. This technology shows clinical application potential in bone augmentation. Therefore, this article reviews the current application status of customized allogenous bone blocks in implant bone augmentation surgery and further discusses its existing problems and challenges.

Objective This study investigated the expression levels of CXCL chemokines in head and neck cancer and their value as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Methods Public databases were used in the analysis of various abnormally expressed CXCL factors in head and neck cancer and their correlation with the poor prognoses of patients with head and neck cancer, and the correlation between CXCL family and immune factor infiltration was determined. Results Compared with normal tissues, CXCL is differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues and pathological stages, and it is closely related to long overall survival (OS) and immune cell infiltration in patients with HNSCC. CXCL chemokine gene function in HNSCC is mainly concentrated in chemokine activity. The KEGG pathway is mainly concentrated in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the CXCL family has a certain mutation rate in HNSCC. Conclusion Tumor bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression levels of the CXCL family in HNSCC tissues are different from those in normal tissues and correlated with immune cell infiltration and tumor prognosis, showing potential as prognostic markers for HNSCC and gene therapy targets.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the differences in anxiety and depression and their associated factors in various subcategories of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and to provide a basis for multidisciplinary treatment of TMD patients. Methods Sociodemographic information such as age, gender, education level, and per capita monthly household income of TMD patients were collected. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Based on the DC/TMD diagnostic criteria, TMD was classified into three subtypes, namely, painful TMD (PT), intra-articular TMD (IT), and combined TMD (CT), which has PT and IT. R 4.2.2 was used for data processing and statistical analysis. Results Among the 362 TMD patients included in this study, 131 (36.2%) had anxiety and 153 (42.3%) had depression. A significant positive correlation existed between GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores in patients with TMD (r=0.733, P<0.001; ρ=0.710, P<0.001). GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores in patients with CT were significantly higher than those in patients with IT (P<0.001, P=0.002). GAD-7 scores were significantly negatively associated with male gender, per capita monthly household income of 3 000-6 000 RMB and higher than 6 000 RMB, and education level of college or bachelor’s degree. Meanwhile, GAD-7 scores were significantly positively associated with the CT subtype (P<0.05). PHQ-9 scores were significantly negatively associated with age, male gender, and per capita monthly household income higher than 6 000 RMB, whereas they were significantly positively associated with the CT subtype (P<0.05). Conclusion Approximately 40% of TMD patients had anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression in patients with painful TMD should be given attention in clinical practice, and psychological interventions and multidisciplinary treatments may have better therapeutic outcomes for patients with painful TMD. Anxiety and depression in young patients, female patients, and patients with low income and education level were also noteworthy.

Posterior pharyngeal flap pharyngoplasty corrects velopharyngeal insufficiency by mechanically occluding the airway. Speech is improved in sacrifice of partial ventilation, increasing perioperative and long-term airway risks. Effective prevention and intervention of airway complications are critical to patient safety and life quality and cannot be ignored in sequence therapy. However, pharyngeal flap-related airway issues await further clarification. This paper focuses on the epidemiological characteristics, pathological mechanism, evaluation and diagnosis methods, and prevention and treatment of ventilation complications of posterior pharyngeal flap pharyngoplasty to provide reference for further optimization of the sequence treatment of cleft lip and palate related to airway problems.

Tooth movement and temporomandibular joint remodelling during orthodontic treatment are typical biomechanical processes that involve bone remodelling and maintenance of cartilage homeostasis. Primary cilia are mechanoreceptors that widely exist on the surface of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and other cells. Under mechanical stress, primary cilia could promote the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and maintain the mechani-cal sensitivity of osteoblasts. Primary cilia could also promote the deposition of the bone matrix, upregulate the functional activity of osteocytes, and indirectly regulate the activity of osteoclasts. They promote the proliferation, differentiation, and endochondral ossification of chondrocytes by transducing multiple signalling pathways and thus play an important role in bone-cartilage tissue remodelling. This article aims to review the research progress of primary cilia in alveolar bone remodelling and reconstruction of temporomandibular joint cartilage. Relevant molecular mechanisms are discussed. This work provides a reference to further explore the mechanisms of bone and cartilage tissue remodelling during orthodontic treatment.

The position of the maxillary central incisor is essential in facial aesthetics. In orthodontic treatment, the maxillary central incisor moves in three-dimensional directions according to actual situations although the range of its movement is usually assumed to be restricted by the labial and palatal cortices. An incisive canal with an irregular anato-mical shape in the maxilla can be detected through cone beam computed tomograph (CBCT), and the wall of this canal is surrounded by dense cortical bones. If the maxillary central incisor invades it, the root will be absorbed. Therefore, the range of movement is closely related to the shape and position of the incisive canal and should be considered for the prevention of unnecessary injury to the tooth root. This article reviews the effect of the incisive canal on the three-dimensional movement of the maxillary central incisor.

The interproximal contact area is a physiological entity affected by various factors and is of great significance for maintaining the stability of the dental arch and protecting the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. The quantitative assessment of interproximal contact areas on the basis of tightness, position, shape, area, and other parameters is a common clinical method. Tightness is measured using dental floss or metal strips. One-, two- and three-dimensional positions, shapes, and areas are measured successively. Clinical restoration often involves the recovery of interproximal contact loss. Clarifying the criteria and methods for restoration is particularly critical for ensuring the quality of prostheses. The review briefly summarizes progress in research into detection methods, recovery standards and methods for the interproximal contact area.

The delayed eruption of permanent teeth refers to the phenomenon wherein the eruption time of permanent teeth is significantly later than the normal eruption period, which can not only cause malocclusion in children, but also affect the chewing, pronunciation, and facial appearance of children, thereby causing damage to the normal growth and mental health of children as well as a burden on parents when the damage is serious. This phenomenon is common in se-veral permanent teeth, but some children suffer from this occurrence in multiple permanent teeth. The causes of the delayed eruption of multiple permanent teeth are complex. Apart from local mechanical factors, such causes may be related to environmental (diseases, nutrition, infection, radiation, drugs, etc.), genetics, and other factors. Thus, this article reviews the abovementioned factors to provide ideas for follow-up etiological research and clinical diagnosis.