Faced with the challenges and opportunities brought by information technology and artificial intelligence, medical education urgently needs to cultivate interdisciplinary and innovative talents. The new medical science initiative, guided by national strategies, aims to cultivate medical professionals who can meet the demands of the new era through interdisciplinary integration, technological innovation, and medical education reform. This paper, under the background of new medical science, systematically reforms the neurobiology course in terms of teaching objectives, interdisciplinary integration, and ideological and political education in the course, and evaluates the effectiveness of these reforms through student performance and feedback. The study results indicate that the reformed course content was well understood and accepted by the students, and there was a certain degree of improvement in their knowledge mastery and innovative abilities. However, there are still shortcomings in teaching resources and course evaluation. This paper summarizes the practical teaching experience, providing a reference for promoting innovation in medical education under the new medical science framework.