Objective To investigate the effect of 3D printing technology in thoracolumbar spinal fixation training, and to assist young physicians to master the technique of pedicle screw placement and to enhance the effectiveness of teaching. Methods Data from the Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University including computed tomography (CT) scan images, were collected to create 1∶1 scale 3D spinal models. A total of 24 young physicians undergoing advanced training in the Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2021 to September 2023 were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. In the control group, teaching faculty used cadaveric specimens for simulated screw placement instruction, while in the experimental group, teaching faculty utilized 3D printed models for simulated screw placement instruction. Post-training screw placement assessments, surgical performance evaluations, and survey questionnaires were conducted to assess the teaching effectiveness. Results In the post-training screw placement assessment, the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores than the control group [(75.5±6.5) points vs. (66.1±3.1) points, P＜0.05]. In the surgical performance evaluations, the experimental group also scored significantly higher in all aspects compared to the control group [(87.3±6.5) points vs. (82.1±6.3) points, P＜0.05]. The experimental group expressed greater satisfaction with the course and educational quality (P＜0.05). Conclusion The application of 3D-printed models in thoracolumbar spinal fixation training demonstrates significant effectiveness. It enhances the focus and interest of young physicians, aids in improving their clinical fundamental theory and knowledge, effectively elevates their surgical skills, and shortens the learning curve for spinal surgeons.