Objective To investigate the practical application of "checklist training and point-based management" in standardized surgical residency training. Methods Following the requirements for orthopedic training in the "Accreditation Standards for Standardized Training Bases for Resident Physicians" and the "Content and Standards for Standardized Training of Resident Physicians", orthopedic teachers were organized to develop the "List of Common and Prevalent Diseases in Orthopedics for Resident Physicians Training" and the "List of Core Surgical Operation Techniques in Orthopedics for Resident Physicians Training". Based on the lists, non-orthopedic residents (observation group) underwent orthopedic training, with their progress and scores recorded for assessment upon completion of the training. Traditional training methods were used as the control group. Finally, the teaching outcomes were compared, including theoretical and practical skill assessments and satisfaction surveys regarding the teaching methods. Results The average theoretical score for the observation group of students was (87.3±5.4) points, and the average practical skill score was (78.7±5.3) points. The average theoretical score for the control group was (84.5±6.7) points, and the average practical skill score was (73.8±5.7) points. There was a statistically significant difference in the practical skill scores between the two groups. In terms of teaching satisfaction, the observation group performed better than the control group. The self-evaluation results of the observation group showed (7.9±0.7) points in diagnostic and treatment abilities, (7.7±0.7) points in practical skills, (8.0±0.6) points in learning interest, and an overall evaluation score of (8.1±0.7) points. Conclusion The "checklist training and point-based management" model plays a certain role in improving orthopedic residents' mastery of common orthopedic diseases and basic surgical operation skills.