目的 探讨基于3D打印模型的脊柱胸腰椎内固定培训教学，辅助青年医师掌握椎弓根螺钉置入技术，提高教学效果。 方法 选取首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科脊柱组的资料库，获取脊柱计算机断层扫描（computed tomography，CT）薄扫影像资料，打印出1∶1的3D脊柱模型。选取2021年9月—2023年9月在首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科脊柱组进修的24名青年医师作为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组，每组12名。对照组带教教师采用大体标本进行模拟置钉教学，试验组带教老师采用3D打印模型进行模拟置钉教学，课后即刻进行置钉考核、手术操作评分及调查问卷评价，评价教学效果。 结果 课后置钉考核中，试验组得分［（75.5±6.5）分］高于对照组［（66.1±3.1）分］，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。在手术操作评分中，试验组得分［（87.3±6.5）分］也高于对照组［（82.1±6.3）分］，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。试验组对课程评价及教育评价更为满意（P＜0.05）。 结论 3D打印模型在脊柱胸腰椎内固定培训教学中的应用效果显著，可显著提升青年医师的专注度和兴趣，帮助青年医师提升临床基本理论、基本知识，有效地提高青年医师的手术技能，缩短脊柱外科医师的学习曲线。

Objective To investigate the effect of 3D printing technology in thoracolumbar spinal fixation training, and to assist young physicians to master the technique of pedicle screw placement and to enhance the effectiveness of teaching. Methods Data from the Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University including computed tomography (CT) scan images, were collected to create 1∶1 scale 3D spinal models. A total of 24 young physicians undergoing advanced training in the Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2021 to September 2023 were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. In the control group, teaching faculty used cadaveric specimens for simulated screw placement instruction, while in the experimental group, teaching faculty utilized 3D printed models for simulated screw placement instruction. Post-training screw placement assessments, surgical performance evaluations, and survey questionnaires were conducted to assess the teaching effectiveness. Results In the post-training screw placement assessment, the experimental group achieved significantly higher scores than the control group [(75.5±6.5) points vs. (66.1±3.1) points, P＜0.05]. In the surgical performance evaluations, the experimental group also scored significantly higher in all aspects compared to the control group [(87.3±6.5) points vs. (82.1±6.3) points, P＜0.05]. The experimental group expressed greater satisfaction with the course and educational quality (P＜0.05). Conclusion The application of 3D-printed models in thoracolumbar spinal fixation training demonstrates significant effectiveness. It enhances the focus and interest of young physicians, aids in improving their clinical fundamental theory and knowledge, effectively elevates their surgical skills, and shortens the learning curve for spinal surgeons.