The ex-situ conservation of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has been carried out for nearly 70 years. Nowadays, the captive population is genetically healthy and basically self-sustaining. According to the 2019 giant panda pedigrees, the total sex ratio of the existing captive giant panda population (n=612) is 1.22︰1 (♀336/♂276), which is significantly different from that of 1︰1 (P=0.015). At present, the research on the mechanism of sex ratio imbalance has not been conducted. In this study, the largest captive giant panda population in China was taken as the research object. The data about the population in the sex ratio at birth for 36 years and the numbers of individuals and dead ones by sex and age for 11 years were analyzed. The sex ratio at birth and life expectancy of captive giant panda were calculated for the first time. The results showed that the sex ratio at birth of the biggest captive giant panda population was 1.01︰1, which was not significantly different from the sex ratio of 1︰1 (P=0.926). The mortality rate of male pandas at the early stage was higher than that of female pandas (♀38.24%/♂48.72%). The median life expectancy at birth was 21.4 years, 23.5 years for females and 19.8 years for males. The findings suggested that two reasons were responsible for the gender imbalance of captive giant pandas: the higher mortality rate of male pandas at the early stage and the longer life expectancy of female pandas. The results provide a basis for the breeding and management of captive giant pandas and for research on wild giant panda population in the future.

花青素(anthocyanin)是一类天然适应性色素,对植物的生长发育、繁殖和环境适应性等诸多方面具有重要作用。花青素精确复杂的合成调控网络确保了其能够在合适的时间、空间上沉着富集,从而提高植物对环境的适应性。MYB (myeloblastosis protein)、bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix)和WDR (WD repeat)是调控花青素合成的关键转录因子,受到植物激素和环境因子的调控。本文探讨了花青素的生物合成调控机制,重点综述了内源激素信号和光照、温度、盐胁迫、干旱等外源环境因子在花青素生物合成调控网络中的作用。

随着经济的不断发展和生活水平的提高,肥胖症的患病率正逐年显著升高。肥胖症不仅会引起机体能量代谢失衡,还会导致脂肪组织组成细胞的功能紊乱。脂肪干细胞(adipose-derived stem cell, ADSC)是形成脂肪组织的起源细胞,能够改变脂肪组织的重塑和功能,目前被认为可在肥胖症防治中发挥重要作用。为此,本文就ADSC的生物学特征、功能以及其在抗肥胖症中的作用机制进行综述,以期为肥胖症的临床防治研究提供新思路。

微RNA (microRNA, miRNA)是一类20～24 nt的内源性单链非编码小RNA,通过序列互补靶基因的m RNA,在转录后水平沉默或下调其表达。miR164是植物中特有的一个miRNA家族。最新发布的miRBase数据库22.1版收录了涉及40个物种的129个miR164家族成员,其中84个成员的序列均为5′-UGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGUGCA-3′,其他成员的序列与之相比存在1～5 nt的差异。本文主要综述了植物miRNA的形成及作用机制、miR164家族成员的序列差异及其调控种子发育与种子活力的研究进展,以期为通过基因工程操纵miRNA的表达变化来提高农作物种子活力或抗老化能力的分子育种技术提供新思路。

A specimen of genus Hebius was collected from Gaowangjie National Nature Reserve (28°41′36″N, 110°09′30″E; 212 m) in Hunan Province on May 24, 2023. Through comparison of morphological characteris-tics, it was found that the reptile species was in accord with the morphological description of Hebius maxi-mus. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Hebius based on mitochondrial cytb genes showed that the specimen was clustered into a branch with H. maximus, with a genetic distance of 1.7%~2.2%. Based on these analy-ses, the specimen can be identified as H. maximus. At the same time, according to the reported distribution of H. maximus in China, it proved to be a new record in Hunan. Therefore, up to now there are eight species of genus Hebius recorded in Hunan Province.

Studies have shown that transcription factors binding to open chromatin regions in breast tumor cells significantly influence the clinical phenotype and prognosis of breast cancer patients. However, it is unclear how these regulatory elements regulate the occurrence and development of breast cancer at the sin-gle-cell level. Herein, single-cell chromatin accessibility sequencing (single-cell ATAC sequencing, scATAC-seq) data of 45 216 normal and tumor breast tissues were downloaded from the GEO database, and seven breast cell types were obtained after cell type annotation based on gene activity scores of marker genes in cell populations. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant differences in chromatin accessibility be-tween tumor and normal breast epithelial cells, and a high degree of inter-sample heterogeneity of breast epithelial cells (PCC=-0.07), implying that they are the main malignant cell type in breast tumors. To explore the enrichment of transcription factor motifs in the differentially accessible regions of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells, motif enrichment analysis was performed on the characteristic open regions of the four epithelial cell subtypes after extraction of the epithelial cell populations. The results showed that malig-nant breast epithelial cells were significantly enriched for 194 transcription factors (P<0.001), which may be involved in regulatory processes of breast tumor development and metastasis. Calculation of activity scores and validation of transcriptome data for transcription factors highly enriched in epithelial cell subtypes fur-ther showed that these differential regulatory elements may be associated with malignant development of breast cells. In addition, differences in the accessibility of transcription factor binding motifs in different breast can-cer subtypes were analyzed, and SNAI2 was found to have significantly high accessibility in triple-negative breast cancer samples, suggesting that SNAI2 has a potential specific regulatory role in triple-negative breast cancer.

坏死性凋亡是一种区别于细胞坏死和凋亡的炎症性细胞死亡方式,其发生受到细胞内分子机制的严格调控,并具有坏死的形态学特征。肝纤维化是肝脏对各种慢性肝损伤进行自我修复的一种可逆性病理反应,可进一步发展成为肝硬化甚至肝癌。近年来越来越多的研究表明,坏死性凋亡引起的细胞损伤和炎症反应在促进肝纤维化中发挥重要作用。本综述介绍了坏死性凋亡的主要分子机制,阐述了坏死性凋亡通过介导炎症反应促进肝纤维化发生发展的机制。

高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia, HUA)在我国已成为仅次于糖尿病的第二大代谢性疾病,通过益生菌、益生元调节肠道菌群是一类极具潜力的HUA防治方法。本研究拟探讨格氏乳杆菌与海洋鱼低聚肽组成的合生元制剂是否具有改善HUA的作用,为后续开发相关特医食品提供理论依据。通过每日饲喂添加酵母浸粉、腺嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾的液体饲料诱导健康小鼠发生HUA,持续4周;在此期间,干预组小鼠每日灌胃给予益生菌(5×10～8CFU格氏乳杆菌)或合生元(5×10～8CFU格氏乳杆菌+3.75 mg海洋鱼低聚肽)。结果显示:HUA模型组小鼠血清尿酸、尿素、肌酐水平以及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性均显著升高;小肠内菌群多样性降低,拟杆菌门及放线菌门丰度显著减少,变形菌门丰度显著增加;肠道内与蛋白质消化吸收、氨基酸及核苷酸生物合成相关的多种代谢物出现含量改变。与HUA模型组小鼠相比,益生菌和合生元干预均可在一定程度上抑制HUA诱导的肠道菌群结构及代谢组变化;而且,与单独补充益生菌相比,合生元可更有效降低HUA小鼠的血尿酸水平,并显著增加粪便排泄的尿酸含量。

生物化学是一门生物学与化学的交叉学科,通过运用化学的原理和方法,研究生命现象,揭示生物体的本质。该课程知识点繁多,内容抽象,代谢过程复杂,致使学生普遍觉得晦涩难懂、枯燥乏味,因此教学效果欠佳。本研究选取山东中医药大学药学院2022级中药资源与开发专业学生为研究对象,分别采用传统课堂讲授教学法(对照组)和多元化教学法(试验组)进行教学;通过采集学生随堂测验及期末考试成绩,并发放问卷调查进行教学效果和学习体验的评价。测试结果显示:试验组两次测试的成绩均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);问卷调查结果进一步显示:试验组在各项评估指标上明显优于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结果表明,多元化教学模式在生物化学教学过程中的教学效果显著,推广价值较高。

动物生理学实验是动物科学专业的核心实践课程,通过创新实验设计和先进技术应用,可实现理论与实践的深度融合,从而为培养高素质科技人才、解决行业挑战及推动学科发展提供重要支持。本文阐明了在农业强国和新农科背景下重塑教学体系的战略意义,并从动物科学专业的角度,重点探讨了动物生理学实验课程教学模式、考核体系等多方面的改革创新,旨在为培养符合时代需求的创新型新农科人才提供新思路。

微生物是重要的生物资源,能给人类的生产生活带来重大的社会效益和经济效益。微生物菌种航天育种是指利用太空独特的环境对微生物进行诱变育种,以获得性状优良的菌株并将其应用于生产实际。近年来,微生物菌种航天育种已成为空间育种研究的热点,但迫切需要开发更多的技术和方法,以推动其在各领域的应用和发展。本文综述了微生物菌种航天育种的背景和机理,并分析了其在农业、食品加工、医药等领域的应用现状。通过列举和探讨宇宙空间独特环境条件对微生物生理生化特征产生的诱变效应,解析了航天育种在微生物资源开发与利用中的重要作用。随着航天技术的进步和育种研究的深入,微生物菌种航天育种有望为农业生产、食品安全和医药健康等领域带来更多创新与突破。本文在已有研究基础上展望了微生物菌种航天育种的发展方向,为微生物菌种的诱变育种研究及其应用提供了重要参考。

GRIM19蛋白是线粒体氧化呼吸链还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH)脱氢酶复合物Ⅰ的亚基,是线粒体维持结构和功能完整性不可或缺的组成部分。最初, GRIM19被认为是一种新型肿瘤抑制基因,主要在肿瘤增殖和凋亡中发挥重要作用。近年来, GRIM19在其他疾病中的作用不断受到关注,如自身免疫性疾病、心血管疾病、感染性疾病、肥胖、糖尿病、子宫腺肌病、弱精子症和流产等。本文介绍了GRIM19蛋白在细胞正常生理过程中的功能,回顾了其在不同疾病中的作用,为相关疾病的防治提供了新的策略,并为该领域的后续研究提供了一定的参考。

腺苷酸激酶(adenylate kinase, ADK)可逆催化2分子腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate, ADP)转化为腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)和腺苷一磷酸(adenosine monophosphate, AMP),实现ATP再生。由于游离酶的反应温度和pH适应范围窄、稳定性差且无法重复使用,导致游离酶的使用成本较高,这阻碍了其在工业规模生产中的应用。为了实现ADK的固定化,本研究首先构建了ADK的表达质粒pET-ADK,并经大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)诱导表达获得重组ADK;然后优化了壳聚糖的质量浓度以及固定化过程中酶液的pH、酶的质量浓度和固定化时间,并检测了3D打印固定化ADK的理化性质及ATP再生能力。结果表明:基于壳聚糖墨水3D打印固定化酶的最优条件是——壳聚糖的质量浓度为3%,酶液的pH为7.5,酶的质量浓度为0.10mg/m L,固定化时间为3 h;利用3D打印固定化的ADK,葡萄糖激酶催化葡萄糖生成D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸的产率提高了52.00%,而且重复使用8次后, 3D打印固定化的ADK仍能保留初次活性的74.83%。上述结果为可用于ATP再生的ADK固定化研究提供了重要参考。

肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71, EV71)感染会导致手足口病和危及生命的神经系统疾病,目前尚无针对EV71的抗病毒药物可用。为了利用成簇规则间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein, CRISPR/Cas)系统抑制EV71感染,本研究选择CRISPR/Cas13d系统,构建U6启动子驱动的向导RNA (guide RNA, g RNA)、EF-1α启动子驱动的Cas13d和绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)的表达载体;将不同g RNA质粒分别转染人胚肾细胞293T (HEK293T)后感染EV71,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测EV71 VP1 m RNA的含量,采用Western-blot检测EV71 VP1蛋白的表达量,利用流式细胞术检测GFP蛋白的含量,运用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。结果显示,在5个靶向EV71基因组不同位置的g RNA质粒中,有4个可以显著抑制EV71 VP1 m RNA和蛋白质表达,其中1个质粒具有较强的旁切活性,但是所有的质粒均没有表现出显著的细胞毒性。实验结果初步表明,可以利用CRISPR/Cas13d系统抑制EV71感染,但是需要选择合适的g RNA,以保障抗病毒作用和避免细胞毒性。

血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell, VSMC)具有调节血管紧张性和维持血管形态的功能,其功能障碍与心血管疾病的发生、发展密切相关。纳米医学(nanomedicine)是指纳米材料在医学中的应用,因其能够克服传统治疗方式存在的药理学局限,如药物选择性差、生物利用度低等问题,被广泛应用于心血管疾病、肿瘤等的诊断和治疗。本文基于VSMC在心血管系统的关键作用和纳米医学在传统给药系统中的优化作用,概述了VSMC表型转换异常、恶性增殖和迁移引发心血管疾病的病理机制,总结了靶向改善VSMC功能来治疗心血管疾病的纳米应用,如靶向药物递送、自身靶向干预和组织工程支架制备等,最后讨论了心血管纳米医学面临的挑战和未来发展的方向,以期为预防和治疗心血管疾病提供潜在方案。

武陵洞蛭(Sinospelaeobdella wulingensis)是中国洞蛭属(Sinospelaeobdella)的模式种,生活在环境条件较为稳定的溶洞深处,吸食洞栖性蝙蝠的血液,在洞顶壁完成其全部生活史,属于真洞穴动物。为了探究武陵洞蛭是否具有专吸蝠血性, 2022年8月至2023年8月按季度在湘西州境内已发现有武陵洞蛭栖息的6个溶洞中进行微生境特征数据和样品采集,利用血餐iDNA技术对106条武陵洞蛭的寄主物种进行鉴定,结果显示:1)该蛭种通常栖息在潮湿、粗糙及岩屑(或泥屑)厚度为0.2～0.4 cm的洞顶壁,其种群分布点通常是蝙蝠的常栖点; 2)其寄主组成为翼手目动物5科5属11种,中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophus sinicus)、大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)和西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是其主要的吸血对象; 3)武陵洞蛭各群体的食物多样性指数和生态位宽度基本上均低于总体水平,冬季的食物多样性指数和生态位宽度均高于其他季节。总之,武陵洞蛭主要分布在蝙蝠常栖点附近的洞顶壁,因长期适应于溶洞生活,其食性已发生特化,已演化出专门吸食蝙蝠血液的行为生态习性。因此,对武陵洞蛭专吸蝠血性的深入研究将有助于探究蛭类动物食物多样性的演化路径,揭示吸血性蛭类食性演化的行为生态机制。

湖南省是白颈长尾雉（Syrmaticus ellioti）的主要栖息地之一,分析其潜在适生区对该物种保护具有现实指导意义。本研究综合考虑地形、水源、气候、植被、土地类型以及人为干扰等多项因子,结合有效的白颈长尾雉分布点,利用最大熵（maximum entropy, Maxent）模型预测湖南省白颈长尾雉的适宜栖息地。结果显示, Maxent模型10次重复运行训练集的平均曲线下面积（area under the curve, AUC）值为0.964,预测结果优秀;到县道距离（dis＿x）、最暖季度降水量（bio18）、到混交林距离（dis＿mxf）和平均气温日较差（bio2）是影响白颈长尾雉适宜栖息地分布的主要因子,到稀树草原距离（dis＿sav）、海拔（altitude）和到荒地距离（dis＿bar）对其分布的影响也较大,其余因子具有一定影响但并不显著;白颈长尾雉适生区面积为4.76×10～4km²,主要位于湘西、湘南的山地,但适宜栖息地破碎化程度较高,整体较为分散。

霍山石斛（Dendrobium huoshanense）是一种濒危的正宗药材,了解其种群内遗传多样性与种群遗传结构对植物保护和育种具有重要意义。为了分析霍山石斛的群体分化和遗传多样性,利用高通量转录组测序技术获得了简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat,SSR）标记,对分布在安徽西南部霍山县的石斛属15个种群182个样本的10个表达序列标签（expressed sequence tag,EST）-SSR进行了研究。霍山石斛转录组深度测序后最终得到58 202个unigene,检测出1～6个碱基重复的SSR序列7 781个。其中,二碱基重复的SSR最为丰富（3 119,40.085%）,最丰富的二碱基重复单元为AG/CT （2 666,54.01%）。从设计的120对引物中筛选出10对SSR引物进行进一步多态性验证,共检测到75个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数量在4～11个,平均为7.5个。平均期望杂合度（expected heterozygosity,H_e）、观察杂合度（observed heterozygosity,H_o）和多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,C_pi)分别为0.646、0.574和0.607。霍山石斛居群遗传多样性高（H_o=0.591,H_e=0.557）,分化程度中等(F_ST=0.100 69),遗传变异主要存在于群体内。基于10条多态性引物的结构和邻接法（neighbour-joining,NJ）分析结果表明,霍山石斛居群可聚为2支,其中KS、HSD和JXZ居群具有丰富的遗传多样性和多个私有等位基因,可用于霍山石斛的遗传改良。本研究揭示了霍山石斛SSR位点的频率分布,成功开发了微卫星遗传标记。该研究中出现的潜在标记有望增加到霍山石斛遗传研究的DNA标记库中。

小麦是全球重要的作物,提供近55%的碳水化合物来养育世界三分之一以上的人口,增强小麦抵抗非生物胁迫的能力对于提高粮食的可持续生产及全球粮食安全至关重要。本研究通过克隆得到小麦C₂H₂型锌指蛋白基因TaZFP38,其编码区全长411 bp,共编码136个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明, TaZFP38是亲水性蛋白质,无跨膜结构域和信号肽,在脱落酸（abscisic acid, ABA）、茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate, MeJA）和光等参与的多种非生物胁迫响应中可能发挥重要作用。烟草叶片和拟南芥原生质体中的瞬时表达显示, TaZFP38定位在细胞核。进一步对野生型和过表达株系在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇、ABA、MeJA以及黑暗处理下的萌发率进行统计分析,结果显示, TaZFP38在干旱、盐、ABA以及黑暗处理下负调控拟南芥种子的萌发,而在MeJA处理下对拟南芥的种子萌发起着正调控作用。该研究为进一步解析C₂H₂型锌指蛋白的功能提供了基础,也为创造小麦抗逆新品系提供了优良的候选基因。

镉(cadmium, Cd)是一种非必需的、不可降解的微量元素,具有很强的生物转移毒性。当前Cd污染导致的稻米中Cd元素超标已经成为我国食品安全的潜在威胁,因此了解并深入研究水稻Cd吸收、转运和积累的生理过程及相关功能基因具有非常重要的现实意义。本文综述了水稻中Cd的根系吸收、液泡区域隔离、木质部装载、茎节分配、叶片再活化、籽粒积累等生理过程和分子机制及其所涉及的基因和离子转运蛋白家族的研究进展,同时综述了通过植物修复减少稻田Cd污染和降低水稻籽粒Cd积累的相关途径,并对将来选择和培育低Cd水稻进行了总结与展望。

从药用、食用植物出发,基于生物信息学分析,寻找跨界作用于哺乳动物细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CTLA-4)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶2 (histone deacetylase 2, HDAC2)的植物微RNA (microRNA, miRNA)序列;通过双荧光素酶及实时荧光定量PCR实验验证植物miRNA对CTLA-4、HDAC2的沉默效果;通过CCK-8法检测人源、小鼠源多种肿瘤细胞系在转染不同浓度(0～500 nmol/L)植物miRNA 48 h后的增殖活性。结果显示,荔枝来源lch-miR261可靶向HUT-78、THP-1细胞的HDAC2产生体外抗肿瘤活性;甜橙来源csi-miR354-5p可靶向K562、THP-1细胞的HDAC2产生体外抗肿瘤活性;红豆杉来源tme-miR194-5p可以靶向Treg细胞的CTLA-4,且具有4T1细胞的增殖抑制和B16、HepG2细胞的增殖促进效果。实验结果初步表明,荔枝来源miR261及甜橙来源miR354具有靶向HDAC2的抗肿瘤潜力;红豆杉来源miR194可用作CTLA-4免疫检查点抑制剂,具有体内免疫抗肿瘤的潜力,在跨界抗肿瘤尤其是乳腺肿瘤治疗方面有巨大临床价值。该研究首次记录植物miRNA跨界调控肿瘤细胞系的选择性和双重性,为植物miRNA跨界调控提供了有力的证据。

酪氨酸作为芳香族氨基酸,目前研究多涉及黑色素,涉及酪氨酸与反刍动物瘤胃微生物及宿主机体互作的研究报道较少。相关研究认为,酪氨酸缺乏会导致瘤胃微生物中原虫、细菌(包括瘤胃蛋白质降解菌)的生长受限,补充酪氨酸则会促进瘤胃微生物的生长并协同机体代谢,进而通过酪氨酸-多巴通路影响机体行为与健康。本文综述了酪氨酸通过影响反刍动物瘤胃微生物代谢进而影响机体的机制,以期为养殖生产中通过酪氨酸调控反刍动物瘤胃微生物发酵,进而改善反刍动物行为与健康提供一定的研究思路。

为探讨异鼠李素(isorhamnetin)对人口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC)(简称口腔鳞癌)细胞增殖以及糖酵解的影响,给予不同剂量异鼠李素处理口腔鳞癌细胞系CAL27和SCC9,并采用细胞活力分析和软琼脂集落实验检测异鼠李素对口腔鳞癌细胞增殖的影响;借助糖酵解分析实验检测异鼠李素对口腔鳞癌细胞乳酸产生和葡萄糖消耗的影响;利用蛋白质印迹法明确异鼠李素对口腔鳞癌细胞糖酵解相关信号通路的调控;最后,通过异种移植瘤模型验证异鼠李素在体内对肿瘤的影响。体外实验结果显示,异鼠李素以剂量依赖的方式抑制CAL27和SCC9细胞的增殖与糖酵解,并且这种抑制作用与糖酵解关键限速酶己糖激酶2(hexokinaseⅡ, HK2)而不是磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase, PFK)和丙酮酸激酶M2 (pyruvate kinase M2,PKM2)的抑制有关。体内结果表明,异鼠李素抑制了口腔鳞癌在体内的生长,并降低了肿瘤组织中Ki67和HK2的表达。总的来说,研究结果表明,异鼠李素可抑制口腔鳞癌的增殖与糖酵解,且这种抑制效应与HK2表达降低有关。

随着科技的迅猛发展以及生物知识领域与社会环境的日益交融,高中生物学教学亟需与时俱进,不断更新教学内容和方法,以适应时代的变化和需求。本文深入探讨了在高中生物社会性科学议题(socioscientific issue, SSI)(科学、技术与社会议题)教学中引入图尔敏论证模型的教学策略,旨在提升教学效果并培养学生的核心素养;通过精心设计的SSI与图尔敏论证模型相结合的教学框架,构建了一个稳定且高效的教学模式,并以“器官移植”为具体案例,详细阐述了这一教学框架的应用。这种SSI与图尔敏论证模型相结合的教学方式为高中生物学教学提供了宝贵的参考,有助于全面培养学生的生物科学核心素养和综合能力。

医学微生物学是医学专业核心课程,理论性和实践性较强,课程内容蕴含丰富的思政元素,许多知识点具有德育的价值和潜力。依据课程所支撑的毕业要求,结合学情反馈,引入成果导向教育(outcome-based education, OBE)理念,从“基于学习产出,设定教学目标;改革教学策略,实现学习产出;评估学习产出,促进持续改进”三方面调整课程思政教学改革的思路,形成“教学设计-教学实施-成绩考核-教学评价-持续改进”闭环运行的课程思政质量保障体系。教学成效的评估结果显示,学生对教学内容、方法及考核方式的满意度均超过85%,说明未来可将此教学模式延伸到其他专业课程的教学改革中,从而拓展为“专业课程思政群”,提高课程思政的普适性。

SMXL (suppressor of MAX2 1-like)蛋白是独脚金内酯(strigolactone, SL)和烟素(karrikin, KAR)信号通路的主要成员,在植物生长发育和环境适应性方面发挥重要作用。近些年, SMXL蛋白的鉴定和功能研究极大填补了SL/KAR信号转导通路的空白。SL/KAR以受体(D14/KAI2)依赖的方式诱导SMXL蛋白泛素化修饰和降解,从而传递信号。当前, SMXL蛋白在植物激素信号转导通路中的作用位点及相关分子机制已得到深入研究。本文综述了SMXL蛋白的生物学功能,以及其稳定性调控和转录调控机制的研究进展,并对植物SMXL蛋白的调控机理研究进行了展望,以期为全面揭示植物SMXL蛋白的作用机制提供参考。

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)白叶枯病是由革兰氏阴性菌黄单胞杆菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)引发的细菌性疾病,是一种全球性的水稻病害。该病害在我国发病面积广,其病原菌具有传播速度快和易突变的特点。挖掘和克隆新的白叶枯病抗病基因并对其进行育种应用是目前防治该病害的有效途径。本文对目前已报道的44个白叶枯病抗病基因进行了分类,概述了水稻白叶枯病免疫应答与主效抗病基因的分子机制,主要包括:1)水稻应对白叶枯病的防御机制; 2)水稻白叶枯病抗病基因的挖掘与鉴定; 3)水稻白叶枯病主效抗病基因的功能及分类; 4)水稻抗白叶枯病的分子机制。此外,本文对水稻白叶枯病抗病基因及免疫机制的研究进行了展望。这些内容可为水稻白叶枯病的后续研究及育种应用提供参考。

Abstract: Cerebral ischemia and hypoxia can cause the change of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. To investigate the expression and localization of lncRNA BDNF-AS and its interacting proteins under the con-dition of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), SH-SY5Y cells were treated with hypoxia for 8 h and reoxygenation (R) for 24 h to establish a OGD/R cell model. The cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression level of lncRNA-BDNF-AS was detected by qRT-PCR in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The interacting proteins of lncRNA BDNF-AS were analyzed by using pull-down method and mass spectrometry. Functional analysis of interacting proteins was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interac-tion network was analyzed using STRING database. Under OGD/R condition, the expression of lncRNA BDNF-AS was significantly increased, and was significantly higher in the cytoplasm than in the nucleus. In the OGD/R group, there were 120 kinds of specific proteins expressed in SH-SY5Y cells. Bioinformatic analysis showed that lncRNA BDNF-AS might interact with proteins including UBA52, NKAP, TBK1, RAB1A and RPL38. The-refore, lncRNA BDNF-AS may affect neuronal function by binding autophagy- and apoptosis-associated proteins.

Catalase (CAT) is a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging enzyme and plays a central role in plant growth, development and stress response. Its function is strictly regulated to keep an appropriate concentra-tion of H2O2 as a signal molecule under normal conditions to ensure plant growth and development, and to maintain H2O2 homeostasis under stress conditions to enhance plant stress tolerance. This review summarized the recent research progress of CAT in plant growth, development and stress response, especially the regula-tion of CAT function by post-translational modification and subcellular localization. It also made suggestions for future research on the regulatory mechanism of CAT in plants.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by der-matofibroma, renal tumor, pulmonary cyst and spontaneous pneumothorax. At present, diagnosis of BHD syn-drome is based on clinical manifestations, imaging features and genetic evidence. Mutations in Folliculin (FLCN), a tumor suppressor gene, are the main genetic lesion that causes BDH syndrome. The FLCN protein can form a complex with FLCN-interacting protein 1 (FNIP1), FNIP2 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acting on occurrence and development of BDH syndrome by regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Recent studies have found that obvious differences exist in BHD syn-drome-associated renal tumors, sporadic renal tumors and other genetically related renal tumors. Herein, the molecular mechanism and pathological characteristics of BHD syndrome-associated renal tumors were sum-marized, and the differences between BHD syndrome-associated renal tumors and other renal tumors were discussed, hoping to give some reference in clinical diagnosis of BHD syndrome-associated renal tumors and development of effective targeted therapies in addition to surgery.

In order to explore the hub genes for the difference of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in dif-ferent tissues of Laiwu pigs, Laiwu pigs with similar body weight at 180 days of age were used to identify the mRNA expression profiles of intramuscular fat (IMF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF). The functions of diffe-rentially expressed mRNAs were analyzed through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the top 300 mRNAs with a high average ex-pression level was constructed, key regulatory mRNAs were screened, and sequence features and protein structures of the key mRNAs were analyzed. Meantime, the reliability of the sequencing data was verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) for 6 randomly selected mRNAs. A total of 1 665 differen-tially expressed mRNAs were identified from IMF and SCF mRNA expression profiles, of which 888 were up-regulated and 777 were down-regulated. The GO results showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly involved in regulating signal pathways in biological process (BP); composing biological membranes in cellular component (CC); affecting the enzyme activity in the cell metabolism process in molecular function (MF). The KEGG enrichment results showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly involved in adipocyte production, lipid metabolism, inflammation and cancer-related signaling pathways. Through analysis of the PPI network, gene sequence and protein structure characteristics, it was found that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU), angiotensinogen (AGT), AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 (AKT2), heat shock cognate 70-kD protein, tandem duplicate 2 (HSP70.2), galectin 3 (LGALS3), and periostin (POSTN) were in the center of the regulatory network. The qRT-PCR verification results were consistent with the sequencing results, proving the reliability of sequencing results. By comparing the difference between IMF and SCF tran-scriptomes, it was found that AGT, CXCR4, HSP70.2 and PLAU genes play critical roles in the lipid me-tabolism process of IMF deposition and can be used as candidate genes in IMF regulation.

Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection increases the risk of myocardial injury, and the mole-cular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Herein, the changes of RNA editing in SARS-CoV-2 infected cardiomyocytes (infection group) and uninfected cardiomyocytes (mock group) were compa-red to explore the effects of the viral infection on cardiomyocytes from the perspective of RNA editing. RNA-seq data (GSE150392) of SARS-CoV-2 infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) was downloaded from the GEO database, and RNA editing sites (RESs) were iden-tified using SPRINT software. The changes in editing levels of cardiomyocytes in the infection and mock groups were compared, editing sites were annotated, and relevant functional analyses were performed. A total of about 92 899 base substitutions were detected, of which 87 670 were identified as A-to-I RESs, and 78 978 of these A-to-I editing sites were found to appear in the Alu regions. A-to-I editing sites tend to be dis-tributed in clusters, mainly in regions such as introns and intergenic regions. By screening the differential RESs between the infection and mock groups in A-to-I editing, it was found that 102 of the significantly differential RESs are up-regulated and 94 are down-regulated in editing level. These genes with significant differences in RES are involved in the biological processes of viral infection related GO (Gene Ontology), which are mainly enriched in viral process, virus life cycle, and defense response to virus, et al., and their Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional pathways are also mainly related to viral infec-tion. In contrast, the 11 screened genes with high-quality A-to-I RESs and significant differences in editing levels between groups are enriched in endocytosis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, proteosome, nico-tinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and ferroptosis, et al.. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects A-to-I RNA editing in cardiac myocytes, and the occurrence of such RNA editing events is a re-sponse of host cardiac myocytes to the viral infection.

To explore the diversity of bacterial community in Cobolidia fuscipes (Meigen), the V3~V4 regions of bacterial 16S rDNA in this insect species at different development stages were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. A total of 548 058 reads and 870 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained and annotated into 24 phyla, 51 classes, 92 orders, 175 families and 346 genera. The Chao, Ace and Shannon indices were 485.00~885.03, 485.09~877.55 and 2.90~4.31, respectively. The domi-nant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, dominant orders were Rhizobiales and Actino-mycetales, and dominant genera were unclassified Xanthobacteraceae, Pseudomonas and Leucobacter. However, the dominant genus in each sample was different. Pseudomonas occupied the highest proportion in eggs, unclas-sified Xanthobacteraceae had the highest relative abundance in the 1st to 3rd instar larvae and adults, Cory-nebacterium had the highest relative abundance in the 4th instar larvae, and Providencia had the highest rela-tive abundance in pupae. Principle component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the composition of bacterial community in C. fuscipes (Meigen) was different at different development stages. This study provides a theoreti-cal basis for exploitation of microbial resources in C. fuscipes (Meigen) and also for biocontrol of the pest species.

Cardiotoxicity is one of the main limitations of antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) in clinical use. It can aggravate cardiovascular problems and is regarded as a serious medical issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Despite years of research, the mechanism of cardiotoxicity is still unknown, and there is no effec-tive method for early predication or treatment. Therefore, further understanding of its mechanism is needed to develop early prevention or treatment strategies and to avoid irreversible damage to the myocardium. The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) have drawn wide attention recently. mi-RNAs control the occurrence and progression of DIC in many ways, and may become a promising break-through in coping with DIC. This paper reviewed the progress of miRNAs associated with DIC, the possibility and prospect of using miRNAs as therapeutic targets, and the limitations and challenges of their application.

Adipose tissue is a highly complex and heterogeneous tissue with many physiological roles. Dif-ferent parts and types of adipose tissue have different metabolic characteristics. Excessive white adipose tis-sue (WAT) causes obesity, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in energy expenditure. In recent years, studies have confirmed that exercise can promote the browning of WAT, which is beneficial for metabolic health. WAT browning is affected by the exercise mode, exercise intensity and time, and other factors. Herein, the effects of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, high-intensity interval training and whole-body vibration training on browning of WAT are summarized, with the aim of exploring more efficient exer-cise strategies to promote the browning of WAT, thereby preventing obesity and improving metabolic health.

Cognitive functions include learning, memory, attention, and reaction abilities. Learning and memory abilities are easily damaged under low oxygen conditions. Neurons are basic working units for trans-mission of various signals, and synapses are critical parts in signal transmission. If neuroplasticity is im-paired, the integrity and accuracy of neuronal information transmission will be affected, thereby affecting cognitive function. In various low oxygen environments, the production and accumulation of hypoxia-in-ducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the abnormality of apoptosis-related fac-tors, tau proteins and amyloid β-protein (Aβ), can all cause damage to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, affecting neural plasticity and leading to learning and memory impairments. Currently, the mechanism of low oxygen-induced learning and memory impairment is not yet clear. Herein, the research progress in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced learning and memory impairments and the impact of low oxygen on neural plasticity are reviewed, so as to reveal the possible influencing factors of hypoxia-induced learning and memory dysfunction and provide new ideas for related research.

The hair color comes from melanin. Hair pigmentation can be divided into 3 relatively indepen-dent stages: proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, synthesis of melanin in melanocytes, and mela-nin transportation. The regulation mechanisms of these 3 stages are different. At present, the substances that promote the generation of hair melanin mainly include hormones, nutrients, antioxidants, and other drugs with various action mechanisms. This paper reviews the research progress of the mechanism of melanin syn-thesis and drugs for treating premature gray hair, analyzes some unclear and important problems involved in hair color formation, and the prospects of related drugs, in order to provide better understanding of mecha-nism of hair color formation and find more effective measures for preventing premature gray hair.

Expression of an ideal botanical term and its concept should be clear and precise. Ambiguous statements in plant terminology would become barriers to botanical progress and teaching. The structures of flowers are very complex and diverse, and there are many doubtful terms and concepts about the structures in botany textbooks. Herein, many issues on flower structures are discussed, including the origin, diversity and Chinese name of the hypanthium, the concept hierarchy of the perianth, the evolution of flower structure lobes, the name confusion of some corolla types, the spatial position relationship between stamens and corolla, the difference between petaloid stamens and petaloid staminodes, the conceptive relationship between posi-tion of ovary and flower, and the origin and growth of gynophore. Among these problems, our description on gynophore mostly comes from speculation and needs to be verified by experiments.

To explore the effects of two cultivation measures of double ridge tillage and straw returning as well as their interaction on soil nutrients and tobacco yield and quality, the flue-cured tobacco variety K326 was used as the experimental material, and a field trial with randomized block design was conducted in a flue-cured tobacco planting area in Yizhang County, Hunan Province, based on two kinds of ridge tillage methods (one is one-time ridge tillage, and the other is the first ridge tillage followed by soil exposure to sun-light, and then the second ridge tillage) and whether rice straw returns to field or not. The results showed that, compared with one-time ridge tillage (T1+T2) and no straw returning (T1+T3), the double ridge tillage (T3+T4) and straw returning (T2+T4) significantly increased soil organic matter content, and improved the sugar-nicotine and nitrogen-nicotine ratios of tobacco leaves as well as the tobacco yield, output value and productivity. The positive interaction between double ridge tillage and straw returning was significant. In ad-dition, the double ridge tillage also significantly raised the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of tobacco leaves, and significantly lowered the nicotine content, leading to more suitable sugar-nicotine and nitrogen-nicotine ratios. In terms of sensory evaluation, rice straw returning could significantly improve the sensory quality of tobacco leaves. Due to a higher production cost resulted from double ridge tillage, for the sandy soil with good basic fertility, one-time ridge tillage combined with rice straw returning could achieve better economic returns. The study provides scientific evidence for better cultivation of flue-cured tobacco in to-bacco-rice rotation areas in Hunan Province.

Breeding season is the essential phase of avian life history. Understanding the avian species di-versity and population dynamics during the breeding season is critical to bird conservation. From 2016 to 2020, a systematic survey of avian species diversity was conducted in Daweishan of Liuyang City, Hunan Province, by using the line transect method in May and July each year. A total of 100 avian species were recorded belonging to 10 orders and 38 families. Among them, there are 73 species of resident birds, 22 species of summer migrants, 2 species of winter migrants, and 3 species of passing birds. There is one species that is ranked as the national first-class protected wildlife, named Elliot’s pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti), and 12 species that are ranked as the national second-class protected wildlife, including silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), black baza (Aviceda leuphotes), red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea). From 2016 to 2020, there were 64, 68, 63, 56, and 57 species of birds recorded successively in field. The Shannon-Wiener index for bird communities was the highest in 2018 (3.421) and the lowest in 2020 (3.062). Meanwhile, avian species composition changed more frequently year by year, with the inter-annual turnover rates of 77.27%, 81.68%, 84.87%, and 94.69%, respectively. The average diversity indexes of bird communities in May were slightly higher than those in July. The mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest and brushwood were the most important habitats for breeding birds in Daweishan. Among these habitats, the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest had both the highest Shannon-Wiener index (2.943±0.146) and Pielou index (0.850±0.020) of bird commu-nities. The results demonstrated that Daweishan had abundant resources of breeding birds and high species diversity. However, the turnover rates of species composition in avian communites were high, and avian species diversity in this mountain showed a large fluctuation of dynamic changes and a certain trend of de-cline, which should be paid attention to by the local wildlife management department.