Cognitive functions include learning, memory, attention, and reaction abilities. Learning and memory abilities are easily damaged under low oxygen conditions. Neurons are basic working units for trans-mission of various signals, and synapses are critical parts in signal transmission. If neuroplasticity is im-paired, the integrity and accuracy of neuronal information transmission will be affected, thereby affecting cognitive function. In various low oxygen environments, the production and accumulation of hypoxia-in-ducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the abnormality of apoptosis-related fac-tors, tau proteins and amyloid β-protein (Aβ), can all cause damage to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, affecting neural plasticity and leading to learning and memory impairments. Currently, the mechanism of low oxygen-induced learning and memory impairment is not yet clear. Herein, the research progress in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced learning and memory impairments and the impact of low oxygen on neural plasticity are reviewed, so as to reveal the possible influencing factors of hypoxia-induced learning and memory dysfunction and provide new ideas for related research.