生物基阻燃剂富含氨基、羧基、羟基和不饱和键等众多官能团，能够通过多种功能化反应引入阻燃元素，具有良好的成炭性，因其高效低毒、绿色环保、可再生等特性而备受关注。根据生物基原料的来源不同，生物基阻燃剂分为生物酸类阻燃剂、生物酚类阻燃剂、生物醛类阻燃剂、壳聚糖类阻燃剂和木质素类阻燃剂。文章综述生物基阻燃剂在高分子材料中的应用及合成方法，探讨其阻燃性能，对生物基阻燃剂的不足之处和未来的发展进行展望，指出未来生物基阻燃剂的发展应立足于性能提升、多功能集成、降低成本、协同作用和环境友好方向。

Bio-based flame retardants are rich in a variety of functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and unsaturated bonds. These functional groups enable the introduction of flame-retardant elements through multiple functionalization reactions. Bio-based flame retardants also exhibit good char-forming properties. They have garnered significant attention due to their high efficiency, low toxicity, environmental friendliness, and renewability. Depending on the source of the bio-based raw materials, bio-based flame retardants can be classified into bio-acid flame retardants, bio-phenol flame retardants, bio-aldehyde flame retardants, chitosan flame retardants, and lignin flame retardants. The article reviews the applications and synthesis methods of bio-based flame retardants in polymeric materials, discusses their flame-retardant properties, and provides an outlook on the limitations and future development of bio-based flame retardants. It points out that the future development of bio-based flame retardants should focus on improving performance, integrating multiple functions, reducing costs, enhancing synergistic effects, and promoting environmental friendliness.