为了提升聚氨酯（PU）的阻燃性能，使用低成本的膨胀石墨（EG）、聚磷酸铵（APP）、玻璃纤维（GF）和蛭石（VMT）系统研究了不同掺杂材料对PU复合材料阻燃效果的影响。使用扫描电镜（SEM）、热重分析（TGA）、拉伸强度测试和锥形量热仪分别研究EG、APP、GF和VMT对PU复合材料阻燃性能的协同效应。结果表明，与PU材料相比，引入添加剂后有效增强了PU的阻燃性能。尤其是引入GF和VMT提升了PU复合材料的热稳定性，总烟雾产生速率减少91%。因此，EG、GF和VMT与PU以及APP的协同效应在很大程度上增强了PU材料的阻燃性，这是由于它们之间形成高密实度碳化层所致。PU复合材料抑制了烟雾的排放，并抑制了空气穿透复合材料，从而减少与材料气体挥发物的反应。制备的PU复合材料为生产具有阻燃和抑烟功能的聚合物复合材料建筑材料提供了策略。

In order to improve the flame retardancy of polyurethane (PU), the effects of different doping materials on the flame retardancy of PU composites were systematically investigated using low-cost expanded graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), glass fiber (GF), and vermiculite (VMT). The synergistic effects of EG, APP, GF and VMT on the flame retardancy of PU composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test and cone calorimeter, respectively. The results showed that compared with PU materials, the introduction of additives effectively improved the flame retardancy of PU. In particular, the introduction of GF and VMT improved the thermal stability of PU composites by reducing the total smoke generation rate by 91%. Thus, the synergistic effect of EG, GF and VMT with PU as well as APP greatly improved the flame retardancy of the PU materials, which resulted from the formation of a high-density carbonized layer between them. The PU composites suppressed smoke emission and inhibited air penetration into the composites, resulting in a reduction of reaction with the gaseous volatiles of the material. The prepared PU composites provide a strategy for the preparation of polymer composite building materials with flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties.