Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of action of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome in airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by mediating T helper 17（Th17）/regulatory T（Treg） cell imbalance. Methods A total of 32 female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group（NS group），asthma model group（AS group），MCC950 intervention group（MC group），and dexamethasone group（Dex group）. The mice in the AS group were given ovalbumin for sensitization and challenge，and those in the MC group and the Dex group were given MCC950 and dexamethasone，respectively. At 24 hours after the last challenge，the mice were anesthetized and exsanguinated，and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF） was prepared for cell counting； ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of interleukin-1A（IL-17A），interleukin-1β（IL-1β），interleukin-10（IL-10），interleukin-18（IL-18），interleukin-33（IL-33），and interleukin-35 （IL-35）； flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of CD4⁺IL-17⁺ cells and CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^low cells among CD4⁺ cells in peripheral blood，spleen，and lung tissue，which reflected the level of Th17 and Treg cells，respectively；immunohistochemistry was used to observe the protein levels of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in lung tissue. Results Compared with the NS group，the AS group had significant increases in BALF cell count and the concentrations of IL-17A，IL-1β，IL-18，and IL-33 （P<0.01），significant reductions in the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35 （P<0.05），a significant increase in the proportion of Th17 cells and a significant reduction in the proportion of Treg cells in peripheral blood，lung，and spleen tissue （P<0.01），and significant increases in the protein levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in lung tissue（P<0.01）. Compared with the AS group，the MC group and Dex group had significant reductions in BALF cell count and the concentrations of IL-17A，IL-1β，IL-18，and IL-33（P<0.01），significant increases in the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35（P<0.05），a significant reduction in the proportion of Th17 cells and a significant increase in the proportion of Treg cells in peripheral blood，lung，and spleen tissue（P<0.01），and significant reductions in the protein levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in lung tissue（P<0.01）. Conclusion NLRP3 inflammasome may participate in the onset of airway inflammation in asthma by mediating Th17/Treg imbalance，while MCC950 can regulate Th17/Treg balance and alleviate airway inflammation in asthma.