
废旧磷酸铁锂锂离子电池材料的回收应用研究进展
肖明军
废旧磷酸铁锂锂离子电池材料的回收应用研究进展
Research progress in recycling and application of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials
近年来,随着“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的提出,新能源电动汽车蓬勃发展,锂离子电池(LIBs)的需求量迅速攀升。然而,大规模LIBs的普及不可避免地导致退役电池数量的急剧增加,对废旧电池的高效回收和再利用成为亟待解决的重要课题。LIBs可分为三元锂离子电池、磷酸铁锂锂离子电池、钴酸锂锂离子电池和锰酸锂锂离子电池4大类,其中磷酸铁锂锂离子电池因其广泛应用而展现出较高的回收潜力。目前,废旧磷酸铁锂锂离子电池的回收工作主要集中在正极材料中有价元素的提取、材料高值化应用以及负极材料的回收与功能化开发。本文全面梳理了近年来磷酸铁锂锂离子电池材料回收利用的研究进展,重点介绍了火法冶金与湿法冶金的回收工艺,正极材料的再生及其在催化领域的创新应用,以及废旧负极石墨的再加工和石墨基功能材料的制备等技术方向。最后,结合当前技术水平,对磷酸铁锂锂离子电池材料回收利用进行了总结,并指出未来磷酸铁锂锂离子电池材料回收利用的发展方向需彰显优化分类和回收策略、创新回收技术、全面回收利用、深入研究回收机制和优化电极材料设计等,同时也提出未来回收技术的挑战在于电池组成复杂、电池形状不规则、电解液处理和回收率偏低等问题。
In recent years, with the proposed goals of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality”, the rapid development of new energy electric vehicles has led to a soaring demand for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the widespread use of LIBs inevitably results in a sharp increase in the number of retired batteries, making the efficient recycling and reuse of these waste batteries an urgent issue. LIBs are categorized into four main types: ternary lithium ion batteries, lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries, lithium cobalt oxide lithium ion batteries, and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion batteries. Among them, lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries stand out for their extensive applications and high recycling potential. Currently, the recycling of waste lithium iron phosphate lithium ion batteries primarily focuses on the recovery of valuable elements from cathode materials, high-value reuse of materials, and the recycling and functional development of anode materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the recycling and reuse of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials, highlighting processes such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery, the regeneration of cathode materials and their innovative applications in catalysts, as well as the reprocessing of waste anode graphite and the preparation of graphite-based functional materials. Finally, combined with the current technical level, the recycling and utilization of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials are summarized, and it is pointed out that the future direction of lithium iron phosphate lithium ion battery materials recycling should highlight the trend of optimization classification and recycling strategy, innovative recycling technology, comprehensive recycling, in-depth research on recycling mechanism, and optimization of electrode material design. At the same time, the challenges of future recycling technology are complex battery composition, irregular battery shape, electrolyte processing problems, and low recovery rate.
锂离子电池 / 磷酸铁锂 / 正极材料 / 负极材料 / 回收再利用
lithium ion battery / lithium iron phosphate / cathode material / anode material / recycling and reusing
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