电弧增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金研究进展

李仲瀚, 刘高飞, 李诗翰, 王协彬, 郝世杰

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中国高校科技期刊信息汇聚平台
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材料工程 ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (5) : 103-118. DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000717
综述

电弧增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金研究进展

作者信息 +

Research progress in wire arc additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloys

Author information +
History +

摘要

NiTi形状记忆合金（shape memory alloys，SMAs）因其独特的超弹性和形状记忆效应得到了广泛应用。然而，传统制造方法难以制备复杂形状和精确调控微观组织的NiTi合金。电弧增材制造（WAAM）技术因其逐层沉积的特点，为NiTi合金的制备提供了新的解决方案。本文综述了电弧增材制造 NiTi形状记忆合金的研究进展，着重探讨了工艺参数对其微观组织、相变行为及力学性能的影响。分析了不同电弧工艺（如熔化极气体保护焊、钨极气体保护焊和冷金属过渡）在制备NiTi合金时的优缺点，并总结了电弧增材制造技术在成型质量、相变温度调控和力学性能方面的最新成果。重点探讨了电弧增材制造逐层沉积过程中，由高热输入、低冷却速率和重复热循环导致的显著微观结构不均匀性和氧化问题，这对力学性能及超弹性表现产生了不利影响。针对该问题，提出了通过工艺优化、主动冷却、引入第三元素及热处理等手段来改善材料均匀性的策略。此外，本文还讨论了NiTi合金与其他金属的异质结构设计，指出电弧增材制造制备多材料复合结构在高性能器件中的潜力。尽管电弧增材制造在制备复杂形状和多材料结构方面具有优势，但仍面临氧化、元素蒸发及层间结合性差等问题。未来研究需聚焦于热处理优化与微观组织调控，开发新型多金属复合材料，探索提高界面结合性和抗氧化能力的创新手段，以进一步提高NiTi合金的性能并扩大其应用领域。

Abstract

NiTi shape memory alloys （SMAs） have found widespread applications due to their unique superelasticity and shape memory effects. However， traditional manufacturing methods face challenges in fabricating complex geometries and precisely controlling the microstructure NiTi alloys. Wire arc additive manufacturing （WAAM）， with its layer-by-layer deposition characteristics， offers a novel solution for NiTi alloy fabrication. This paper reviews the research progress in WAAM NiTi shape memory alloys， with emphasis on the influence of process parameters on microstructure， phase transformation behavior， and mechanical properties. The advantages and disadvantages of different arc processes （such as gas metal arc welding， gas tungsten arc welding， and cold metal transfer） in NiTi alloy fabrication are analyzed， along with recent achievements in forming quality， phase transformation temperature control， and mechanical properties through WAAM technology. Particular attention is given to the significant microstructural heterogeneity and oxidation issues arising from high heat input， low cooling rates， and repeated thermal cycling during the layer-by-layer deposition process， which adversely affect mechanical properties and superelastic performance. To address these challenges， strategies including process optimization， active cooling， third element addition， and heat treatment are proposed to improve material homogeneity. Furthermore， this paper discusses the heterogeneous structure design of NiTi alloys with other metals， highlighting the potential of WAAM in fabricating multi-material composite structures for high-performance devices. While WAAM demonstrates advantages in fabricating complex geometries and multi-material structures， challenges remain regarding oxidation， element vaporization， and poor interlayer bonding. Future research should focus on heat treatment optimization and microstructural control， development of novel multi-metal composites， and exploration of innovative approaches to enhance interfacial bonding and oxidation resistance， thereby further improving NiTi alloy performance and expanding their application domains.

关键词

NiTi形状记忆合金 / 电弧增材制造 / 微观组织 / 功能特性 / 异质结构

Key words

NiTi shape memory alloys / wire arc additive manufacturing / microstructure / functional property / heterogeneous structure

中图分类号

TG146.2+3 / TB31

引用本文

EndNote

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导出引用
李仲瀚 , 刘高飞 , 李诗翰 , 等. 电弧增材制造NiTi形状记忆合金研究进展. 材料工程. 2025, 53(5): 103-118 https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000717
Zhonghan LI, Gaofei LIU, Shihan LI, et al. Research progress in wire arc additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering. 2025, 53(5): 103-118 https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1001-4381.2024.000717

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基金

国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4600500)
国家安全学术基金(U2130201)
国家安全学术基金(U2330105)

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