目的 为了解贵州省石阡县龙川河地区水产种质资源种类和分布特征，推动长江流域渔业生态的健康发展。 方法 2023年4月在石阡县龙川河采集水样，分别于2020年5月、2022年12月和2023年5月采用定置刺网、多种网具进行水生生物监测，对采集的各项水质指标、水生生物体长和体重、种群及种群多样性指数等进行分析。 结果 龙川河水质状况总体良好，主要污染物为总氮，含量为3.21 mg/L，总磷含量为0.062 5 mg/L；鱼类资源较为丰富，2023年鱼类共55种、保护鱼类共2种，特有鱼类共9种，监测到外来种6种；2023年龙川河鱼类种类数（土著鱼类）为49种，较2020年增加了44.12%；Shannon-Wiener指数为2.58，较2020年增加了21.70%；2023年龙川河区域代表种在渔获物中占比为31.09，相比2020年增加33.49%。长江流域禁渔后，龙川河2022年和2023年的水生生物完整性指数评价指标最终得分分别为46.67和40.00。 结论 禁渔后，龙川河鱼类资源丰度总体呈增加趋势，水生生物完整性指数总体呈稳定趋势，禁渔政策能够在水域生态系统的保护中发挥重要作用。

Objectives The aquatic germplasm resources in Longchuan River, a key area within the Yangtze River Basin in Guizhou Province, were investigated to study the diversity and distribution patterns of these resources and to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the sustainable conservation and utilization of aquatic germplasm in the region, thereby promoting the healthy development of fishery ecology in the Yangtze River Basin. Methods Water samples were collected from the Longchuan River in April 2023. Aquatic organisms were detected with fixed gill nets and multi-gear methods in May 2020, December 2022, and May 2023. Data collected on indexes of water quality, body length and weight of aquatic species, population metrics, and biodiversity index were systematically analyzed. Results The overall water quality in the Longchuan River was good, with total nitrogen as the main pollutant, accounting for 3.21 mg/L, and total phosphorus accounting for 0.062 5 mg/L. The fish resources in this section were relatively abundant. In 2023, there were 55 species of fish, 2 protected species, 9 endemic species, and 6 invasive species detected. The number of fish species (indigenous fish), the Shannon Wiener index, and the proportion of representative species in the catch of this section in 2023 was 49, 2.58, and 31.09, an increase of 44.12%, 21.70%, and 33.49% compared to that in 2020, respectively. The final scores of post-moratorium assessments of aquatic biological integrity index in the key water area of Longchuan River in Guizhou Province in 2022 and 2023 were 46.67 and 40.00, respectively. Conclusions The overall post-moratorium abundance of fish resources in the key water areas of the Longchuan River in Guizhou Province has shown an increasing trend, and the overall integrity index of aquatic organisms has remained stable. The fishing moratorium policy can play an important role in protecting the aquatic ecosystems.