UV-curing 3D printing has shown great application prospects in the preparation of complex ceramic components. The selection of oligomers directly affects the printing performance of liquid photosensitive resins, which has an important impact on the structure and properties of 3D printed ceramic materials. To optimize the performance of photosensitive resin slurry for ceramic photopolymerization 3D printing, this study prepared photoresin premix solutions and 3D printing ceramic slurries using oligomers such as epoxy acrylate (EA), polyurethane acrylate (PUA), and organosilicon-modified polyurethane acrylate (PSUA). The influence of oligomer types on the printing performance of photoresin and ceramic slurry was investigated.The results showed that the photoresin slurry prepared from PUA demonstrated the optimal photocuring properties, with a viscosity of 143 mPa·s, a curing thickness of 341 μm, and a flexural strength of 33.76 MPa. Furthermore, PUA exhibited the lowest critical exposure dose of 20.022 mJ/cm², indicating the highest susceptibility to curing, making it suitable for the 3D printing of ceramic materials. Photosensitive resin slurry formulated with PUA was utilized to fabricate silica ceramic slurry, enabling the printing of complex-structured ceramic specimens. The microstructure of the ceramic specimens was relatively uniform, effectively reducing interlayer gaps, and the printing outcome was satisfactory.