我国自1992年开始实行了以新生儿普遍接种乙型肝炎疫苗为核心的综合预防策略，极大地降低了人群（特别是低年龄组人群）中乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性率。抗病毒治疗不仅可以改善肝脏组织学，而且还可以减少肝硬化及门静脉高压相关并发症及肝细胞癌的发生风险，从而改善临床预后。随着临床指南不断更新以及一线抗病毒药物价格大幅下降，治疗的可及性和可负担性大幅提高。但由于我国人口基数大、既往乙型肝炎流行率高，现存乙型肝炎感染人数仍然众多，诊断率和治疗率仍然偏低，乙型肝炎相关肝硬化和肝癌人群死亡率仍较高。因此，应通过积极的社会动员并采取医防结合的策略，开展大规模检测和治疗慢性乙型肝炎，助力实现世界卫生组织提出的2030年消除病毒性肝炎公共卫生危害的目标。

Since 1992， China has adopted a comprehensive strategy centered on universal infant hepatitis B vaccination. This approach has led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen， particularly among younger age groups. Antiviral therapy not only improves the liver histology but also reduces the incidences of complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension， as well as the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B have been periodically updated， and the prices of antiviral drugs have been substantially lowered， enhancing treatment accessibility and affordability. However， the HBV-related disease burden remains high in China due to its large population， the considerable number of individuals already chronically infected with HBV， and the low rates of diagnosis and treatment. To meet the global goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030， large-scale testing and treatment of those already infected with HBV are critical.