目的 分析1例单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（HSVE）继发抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）和抗γ-氨基丁酸B型受体（GABA_BR）双阳性自身免疫性脑炎（AE）患者的临床表现及诊疗经过，以提高临床医生对该类病的认识。 方法 收集1例HSVE继发抗NMDAR和抗GABA_BR双阳性AE患者的临床资料，对其诊断和治疗经过进行总结，并结合相关文献进行复习。 结果 患者，男性，36岁，以头痛起病，随后出现肢体抽搐，并进展为意识障碍。入院后脑脊液常规生化检测异常，脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒1型（HSV-1）IgG抗体阳性，脑脊液和血清NMDAR抗体检测阳性，头部磁共振成像（MRI）检查提示右侧枕叶白质异常信号，诊断为HSVE继发抗NMDAR脑炎。数月后患者出现精神行为异常、认知障碍和睡眠障碍等症状，血清NMDAR抗体和GABA_BR抗体均阳性，诊断为HSVE继发抗NMDAR脑炎和抗GABA_BR脑炎。给予激素冲击和静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）治疗后，患者病情好转出院。随访1年，患者精神症状完全消失，遗留轻度认知功能障碍。 结论 HSVE抗病毒治疗有效的恢复期患者临床症状再度恶化时，应高度怀疑继发AE的可能，应尽快完善自身免疫性抗体检测，以期早期诊断，早期治疗，以改善患者预后。

Objective To analyze the clinical presentations and diagnostic and treatment process of one patient with autoimmune encephalitis（AE） with double positive anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor （NMDAR） and anti-γ-aminobutyric acid B receptor （GABA_BR） secondary to herpes simplex virus encephalitis（HSVE），and to improve the clinicians’ awareness of this disease. Methods The clinical data of one AE patient with double positive anti-NMDAR and anti-GABA_BR secondary to HSVE were collected， the diagnostic and therapeutic processes were summarized， and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results The patient， a 36-year-old male， developed a headache followed by limb convulsions， and progressed to disturbed consciousness. After admission， the routine biochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） was abnormal， and the herpes simplex virus-1 （HSV-1） IgG antibody showed positive in the CSF； both CSF and serum tests for NMDAR antibodies were positive； the head magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） results showed abnormal signals in the right occipital white matter， leading to the diagnosis of HSVE secondary to anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Several months later， the patient experienced psychiatric behavior abnormalities， cognitive dysfunction， and sleep disorders， and both the serum NMDAR and GABA_BR antibodies showed positive results， prompting the diagnosis of HSVE secondary anti-NMDAR encephalitis and anti-GABA_BR encephalitis. After treatment with steroid pulse therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin （IVIG）， the patient’s condition was improved and the patient was discharged. At one-year follow-up， the patient’s psychiatric symptoms had completely resolved， leaving mild cognitive impairment. Conclusion If the clinical symptoms of the patients recovering from antiviral treatment for HSVE is worsened， secondary AE should be highly suspected；it is important to complete autoimmunity antibody testing as soon as possible for the early diagnosis and treatment to improve the prognosis of the patient.