近年来,我国在干热岩资源勘查和钻井技术方面取得一定的进展,但是对于高温干热岩压裂技术的基础研究还较薄弱。对于增强型地热系统,一般采用水力压裂的方式向干热岩储层注入高压流体使储层中的天然裂隙扩展延伸,从而达到增大储层渗透性和热交换面积的目的。因此,可靠的地应力数据对指导干热岩储层改造具有重要意义。本文以我国青海共和干热岩试采工程为例,首先,结合滞弹性应变恢复法(ASR)、直径变形分析法(DCDA)、岩心饼化法和成像测井法获得场区详细的地应力数据;其次,讨论了地应力状态对干热岩储层开发的影响;最后,为了评价现今应力状态下储层压裂改造的效果,利用离散裂隙网格(DFN)方法建立了水力压裂区的三维裂隙地质模型,通过数值模拟计算每个裂隙的滑动趋势(T_s)和膨胀趋势(T_d),并分析了在不同的注水压力下裂隙的活动性。研究表明:(1)共和干热岩场区花岗岩储层范围(3 500~4 000 m)内主要发育逆断层型地应力状态,总体以水平挤压应力为主导;(2)在3 500~4 000 m深度水平最大主应力的平均方向为39.35°±14.23°,整体上呈NE向,这与青藏高原东北缘向NE方向推挤运动有关;(3)适合共和干热岩场区的注水改造压力为46~55 MPa,且裂隙剪切活化后多为张开裂隙(高膨胀趋势),有利于增加热交换的面积,提高干热岩的开采效率;(4)地应力实测结果和微地震监测结果显示,天然裂隙在水力压裂下除了水平方向上的扩展外还有垂直方向上的扩展,最终形成水平—垂直裂隙网络。本文研究成果也可为我国未来的干热岩地应力测量及其在开发评价中的应用提供参考。

China has made some progress in recent years in the exploration and development of hot dry rock (HDR) resources and drilling technology, but is relatively lacking in basic research on high-temperature HDR fracturing technology. For enhanced geothermal systems, hydraulic fracturing is generally used to inject high-pressure fluid into the reservoir to expand and extend natural fractures, in order to increase the reservoir permeability and heat exchange area. Thus, reliable in-situ stress data are important for guiding the stimulation of reservoir reconstruction. Taking the Qinghai Gonghe HDR pilot project as an example, this paper first obtains the in-situ stress state by combining the anelastic strain recovery (ASR), diametrical core deformation analysis (DCDA), core cake, and image logging methods. Next, the influence of the in-situ stress state on the development of HDR reservoirs is discussed. Finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of reservoir fracturing under the current in-situ stress state, a three-dimensional fracture geological model of the hydraulic fracturing zone is established using the discrete fracture network (DFN) method. The sliding tendency (T_s) and dilation tendency (T_d) of each fracture are calculated through numerical simulation, and fracturing activities under different injection pressures are analyzed. According to the results, (1) the main type of in-situ stress state was the thrust faulting regime developed within the granite reservoir range (3500—4000 m) in the Gonghe HDR reservoir, with the horizontal compressive stress being the dominant stress. (2) The average direction of the maximum principal stress at 3500—4000 m depth was 39.35°±14.23°, predominantly oriented in the NE direction, consistent with the notion that the compressive stress was associated with the NE-trending compression movement on the northeastern rim of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (3) The suitable fracturing pressure for the Gonghe HDR field area was 46—55 MPa, and most fractures tend to open after shear activation (high-dilation tendency), which was conducive to increasing the area of heat exchange and improving extraction efficiency. (4) Results of in-situ stress measurement and microseismic monitoring showed that natural fractures expanded horizontally and vertically under hydraulic fracturing, ultimately forming a horizontal-vertical fracture network. The research results provide a reference for future in-situ stress measurement and its application in the assessment of hot dry rock development in China.