近年来,随着能源资源开发和地球系统科学研究需求的不断增长,钻探深度不断增大,施工过程中面临地层温度高、岩石硬度大、钻进效率低、成本高、事故多等问题。为了解决上述问题,国外对耐高温井下动力钻具、高效碎岩工具、随钻测量工具、降温冷却设备等钻进关键技术开展了针对性研究,相关研究成果已应用于油气钻探、高温地热等领域。国内虽也进行了研究,但与国外研究水平相比,尚有一定差距。本文分析了我国高温硬岩井钻进面临的技术难点,总结了技术需求,对钻进新方法、技术特性和示范应用情况进行了介绍,并立足国内既有装备基础,提出将高速强保径牙轮钻头、耐高温单弯螺杆钻具和耐高温MWD组合,配合耐高温钻井液、地面钻井液强制冷却系统与分段循环降温技术,实现高温硬岩受控钻探。建议后续开展长寿命固定齿钻头、全金属井下动力钻具、冲击钻具和耐高温MWD组合研究,进一步提高高温硬岩钻进施工效率。

The depth of well drilling has been continuously rising in recent years with the increasing demands for energy resources development and earth systems research. Problems encountered in deep drilling include high formation temperature, high rock hardness, low drilling efficiency, high cost and frequent accidents. Key drilling technologies such as downhole motors, efficient drill bits, measurement-while-drilling tools and mud cooling systems have been researched abroad to address the above problems; the research results have been applied in the fields of oil and gas drilling, high-temperature geothermal exploration, etc. Relevant researches have also been conducted in China, but gap exists compared to the level of research abroad. This paper analyzes the technical difficulties in drilling high-temperature hard rock well in China and summarizes the technical requirements. A new drilling method, along with its technical characteristics and application results, are also introduced. The new method, in principle, seeks to utilize the existing equipments to achieve directional drilling of deep wells. It uses a bottom hole assembly (BHA) consisting of high-speed, strong diameter-retaining tri-con drill bits, high-temperature resistance positive displacement motor (PDM) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) technique, and combines with high-temperature resistance drilling fluid, mud cooling system and segmented circulating cooling technology. However, future researches are needed in the areas of durable drill bits (e.g., polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and impregnated diamond drill bits), all metal downhole motors, impact drilling tools and high-temperature resistance MWD.