As a ligand-dependent endogenous transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a classic lipid metabolism regulator. It is involved in many biological processes such as adipogenesis, glucose metabolism, angiogenesis and inflammation. PPARγ is highly expressed in active fatty acid metabolism sites, and is also abundant in the nervous system. In recent years, more and more studies have focused on its roles in the nervous system. This paper reviews the important roles of PPARγ in the de-velopment of nervous system and related diseases, including participating in the inflammatory process of ner-vous system by regulating inflammatory response factors, neuroprotective function by inhibiting inflammation or promoting regeneration when external injury occurs in the central or peripheral nervous system, delaying the course of disease or playing clinical treatment effect by regulating the expression of PPARγ in neurode-generative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, and protecting retinal ganglion cells to slow down retinopathy. The review aims to provide information for exploring the regulatory mecha-nism of PPARγ in the development of nervous system and related diseases, and for developing ligand drugs.