The Sino-Mongolian border area has excellent geological conditions for ore formation and is one of the world’s most important metal mineralization provinces. The area is situated on one of the three largest porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum metallogenic belts in the world with enormous resource potential—it is a hotspot for international and domestic geoscience research and exploration. Based on the 1∶1 million geochemical mapping data of the Sino-Mongolia border areas, the geochemical parameters and regional geochemical distribution of gold in the catchment sediments are discussed in this paper. The median and average gold anomaly values of the catchment sediments were 0.79×10^-9 and 1.34×10^-9, respectively. The North China Block and the Altay Tectonic Belt had the highest gold contents, with the regional concentration coefficients of 1.43 and 1.36, respectively, consistent with regions faverable for gold enrichment. The outer, middle and inner zones of gold geochemical anomalies were identified according to cumulative frequencies of 85% (1.55×10^-9), 92.5% (2.22×10^-9) and 97.5% (4.03×10^-9), respectively. A total of 28 geochemical prospective areas were delineated, providing important exploration targets for gold and other precious metal deposits in this area. The paper fills the gap in the study of gold geochemical distribution, and provides important data for comparing precious metal deposits in the Sino-Mongolia border area.